WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group: Continuing progress towards a unified nomenclature for the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses: divergence of clade 2.2 viruses. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2009, 3: 59-62. 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00078.x
Article
Google Scholar
Meleigy M: Egypt battles with avian influenza. Lancet 2007, 370: 553-554. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61274-4
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fasina FO, Ifende VI, Ajibade AA: Avian influenza A(H5N1) in humans: lessons from Egypt.Euro Surveill; 2009.,15(4): [http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19473
Google Scholar
Peiris JS, de Jong MD, Guan Y: Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. Clinical Microbiol Rev 2007, 20: 243-267. 10.1128/CMR.00037-06
Article
Google Scholar
Aly MM, Arafa A, Hassan MK: Epidemiological findings of outbreaks of disease caused by highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in poultry in Egypt during 2006. Avian Dis 2008, 52: 269-277. 10.1637/8166-103007-Reg.1
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Abdelwhab EM, Selim A, Arafa A, Galal S, Kilany WH, Hassan MK, Aly MM, Hafez HM: Circulation of avian influenza H5N1 in live bird markets in Egypt. Avian Dis 2010, 54: 911-914. 10.1637/9099-100809-RESNOTE.1
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Arafa A, Suarez DL, Hassan MK, Aly MM: Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes of HPAI-H5N1 Egyptian strains isolated from 2006 to 2008 indicates heterogeneity with multiple distinct sublineages. Avian Dis 2010, 54: 345-349. 10.1637/8927-051509-ResNote.1
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Balish AL, Davis T, Saad MD, El-Sayed N, Esmat H, Tjaden JA, Earhart KC, Ahmed LE, Abd El-Halem M, Hakem M, Ali AM, Nassif SA, El-Ebiary EA, Taha M, Aly MM, Arafa A, O'Neill E, Xiyan X, Cox NJ, Donis RO, Klimov AI: Antigenic and genetic diversity of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated in Egypt. Avian Dis 2010, 54: 329-334. 10.1637/8903-042909-Reg.1
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van den Berg T, Lambrecht B, Marché S, Steensels M, Van Borm S, Bublot M: Influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies in birds. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 31: 121-165. 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.004
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO. 2010. World Health Organization: Situation updates--avian influenza.[http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/updates/en/index.html]
Kim J, Kayali G, Walker D, Forrest HL, Ellebedy AH, Griffin YS, Rubrum A, Bahgat MM, Kutkatd MA, Ali MAA, Aldridge JR, Negovetich NJ, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG: Puzzling inefficiency of H5N1 influenza vaccines in Egyptian poultry. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2010, 107: 11044-9. 10.1073/pnas.1006419107
Article
PubMed
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Terregino C, Toffan A, Cilloni F, Monne I, Bertoli E, Castellanos L, Amarin N, Mancin M, Capua I: Evaluation of the protection induced by avian influenza vaccines containing a 1994 Mexican H5N2 LPAI seed strain against a 2008 Egyptian H5N1 HPAI virus belonging to clade 2.2.1 by means of serological and in vivo tests. Avian Pathol 2010, 39: 215-222. 10.1080/03079451003781858
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Di Trani L, Bedini B, Donatelli I, Campitelli L, Chiappini B, De Marco MA, Delogu M, Buonavoglia C, Vaccari GA: Sensitive one-step real-time PCR for detection of avian influenza viruses using a MGB probe and an internal positive control. BMC Infect Dis 2006, 6: 87. 10.1186/1471-2334-6-87
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Spackman E, Senne DA, Myers TJ, Bulaga LL, Garber LP, Perdue ML, Lohman K, Daum LT, Suarez DL: Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 haemagglutinin subtypes. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40: 3256-3260. 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002
Article
PubMed
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Muradrasoli S, Mohamed N, Belák S, Czifra G, Herrmann B, Berencsi G, Blomberg J: Broadly targeted triplex real-time PCR detection of influenza A, B and C viruses based on the nucleoprotein gene and a novel "MegaBeacon" probe strategy. J Virol Methods 2010, 163: 313-322. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.017
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Suarez DL, Das A, Ellis E: Review of rapid molecular diagnostic tools for avian influenza virus. Avian Dis 2007, 51: 201-208. 10.1637/7732-101006-REGR.1
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen W, He B, Li C, Zhang X, Wu W, Yin X, Fan B, Fan X, Wang J: Real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 avian influenza A virus detection. J Med Microbiol 2007, 5: 603-607. 10.1099/jmm.0.47014-0
Article
Google Scholar
Hoffman E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez D: Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 2001, 146: 2275-2289. 10.1007/s007050170002
Article
Google Scholar
Li PQ, Zhang J, Muller CP, Chen JX, Yang ZF, Zhang R, Li J, He YS: Development of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of influenza virus type A including H5 and H9 subtypes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 61: 192-197. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.01.007
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Lu YY, Yan JY, Feng Y, Xu CP, Shi W, Mao HY: Rapid detection of H5 avian influenza virus by TaqMan-MGB real-time RT-PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008, 46: 20-25.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ng LF, Barr I, Nguyen I, Noor SM, Tan RS, Agathe LV, Gupta S, Khalil H, To TL, Hassan SS, Ren EC: Specific detection of H5N1 avian influenza A virus in field specimens by a one-step RT-PCR assay. BMC Infect Dis 2006, 6: 40. 10.1186/1471-2334-6-40
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Payungporn S, Chutinimitkul S, Chaisingh A, Damrongwantanapokin D, Buranathai C, Amonsin A, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan YJ: Single step multiplex real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 influenza A virus detection. J Virol Methods 2006, 131: 143-147. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.08.004
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Slomka MJ, Pavlidis T, Banks J, Shell W, McNally A, Essen S, Brown IH: Validated H5 Eurasian real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and its application in H5N1 outbreaks in 2005-2006. Avian Dis 2007, 51: 373-377. 10.1637/7664-060906R1.1
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Arafa A, Selim AA, Hassan MK, Aly MM: Genetic characterization of variant strains of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 that escaped detection by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR diagnostic tests. Avian Dis 2010, 54: 673-676. 10.1637/8720-032109-ResNote.1
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edgar RC: MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32: 1792-1797. 10.1093/nar/gkh340
Article
PubMed
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria 2008. ISBN 3-900051-07-0 [http://www.R-project.org]
Google Scholar