Hepatitis B virus is a hepatotropic DNA virus that reproduces via an RNA intermediate. It can lead to an increased risk of serious liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma and is a serious threat to pub...
Authors: Lei Jia, Fengyu Hu, Hanping Li, Lin Li, Xiaoping Tang, Yongjian Liu, Haohui Deng, Jingwan Han, Jingyun Li and Weiping Cai
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is one of the main infectious causative agents of abortion in mares and can also be associated with stillbirth, neonatal foal death, rhinopneumonitis in young horses and a neur...
Authors: Anna Karolina Matczuk, Małgorzata Skarbek, Natalia Anna Jackulak and Barbara Anna Bażanów
The influenza matrix protein (M1) layer under the viral membrane plays multiple roles in virus assembly and infection. N-domain and C-domain are connected by a loop region, which consists of conserved RQMV motif.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a highly prevalent, economically important swine pathogen is classified into different genotypes (PCV2a-f) based on phylogenetic analysis. Since the introduction of extensive ...
Authors: Vilmos Palya, Zalán G. Homonnay, Tamás Mató and István Kiss
Cellular protein eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is an actin binding protein that plays a role in the formation of filamentous actin (F-actin) bundles. F-Actin regulates multiple stages of ...
Authors: Natale Snape, Dongsheng Li, Ting Wei, Hongping Jin, Mary Lor, Daniel J. Rawle, Kirsten M. Spann and David Harrich
Hevea brasiliensis is an important commercial crop due to the high quality of the latex it produces; however, little is known about viral infections in this plant. The only virus described to infect H. brasiliens...
Authors: Paula L. C. Fonseca, Fernanda Badotti, Tatiana F. P. de Oliveira, Antônio Fonseca, Aline B. M. Vaz, Luiz M. R. Tomé, Jônatas S. Abrahão, João T. Marques, Giliane S. Trindade, Priscila Chaverri, Eric R. G. R. Aguiar and Aristóteles Góes-Neto
Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-born flavivirus that can infect multiple avian and mammalian species. The viral surface envelope (E) protein functions to initiate the viral infection by recognizing cellular r...
Authors: Zimin Chen, Fei Ye, Sheng Lin, Fanli Yang, Yanwei Cheng, Yu Cao, Zhujun Chen and Guangwen Lu
During the last two decades, structural biology analyses have shown that viruses infecting hosts far apart in evolution share similar architectural features, prompting a new virus classification based on struc...
Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks are global challenges to the poultry industry. Effective management requires rapid identification and virulence prediction of the circulating Newcastle disease viruses (NDV), t...
Authors: Salman L. Butt, Tonya L. Taylor, Jeremy D. Volkening, Kiril M. Dimitrov, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Kevin K. Lahmers, Patti J. Miller, Asif M. Rana, David L. Suarez, Claudio L. Afonso and James B. Stanton
The recently approved interferon-free DAA (direct antiviral agents) regimens have shown not only to be effective in terms of sustained virological response (SVR) rates (> 90%) but also well tolerated in most h...
Authors: Antonio Di Biagio, Lucia Taramasso and Giovanni Cenderello
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis. To detect RVF virus (RVFV) infection, indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) which ut...
Authors: Fuxun Yu, Ferdinard Adungo, Samson Limbaso Konongoi, Shingo Inoue, Rosemary Sang, Salame Ashur, Allan ole Kwallah, Leo Uchida, Corazon C Buerano, Matilu Mwau, Yan Zha, Yingjie Nie and Kouichi Morita
The emergence in 2014 and persistence of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Lithuania has been linked to infected wild boar movement and close contact with the carcasses of other infected wild boars. Over time the n...
Authors: Arnoldas Pautienius, Juozas Grigas, Simona Pileviciene, Ruta Zagrabskaite, Jurate Buitkuviene, Gediminas Pridotkas, Rolandas Stankevicius, Zaneta Streimikyte, Algirdas Salomskas, Dainius Zienius and Arunas Stankevicius
Despite vaccination and screening measures, anogenital cancer, mainly promoted by HPV16 oncoproteins, still represents the fourth tumor and the second cause of death among women.
Authors: Diletta Francesca Squarzanti, Rita Sorrentino, Manuela Miriam Landini, Andrea Chiesa, Sabrina Pinato, Francesca Rocchio, Martina Mattii, Lorenza Penengo and Barbara Azzimonti
Few studies have analyzed influenza B virus lineages based on hemagglutinin A (HA) gene sequences in southern China. The present study analyzed the HA gene and the lineages of influenza B virus isolates from Guan...
Authors: Feng Ye, Xiao-juan Chen, Wen-da Guan, Si-hua Pan, Zi-feng Yang and Rong-chang Chen
Rabies is a fatal disease that is preventable when post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered in a timely fashion. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9, and...
Authors: Pengcheng Yu, Jianghong Yan, Weicheng Wu, Xiaoyan Tao, Xuexin Lu, Shuqing Liu and Wuyang Zhu
The pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are the earliest phase of the host defense against pathogens in genital epithelium, and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best characterized PPRs mediating innate immune r...
Authors: Xiaowen Lv, Huanru Wang, Airong Su, Shijie Xu and Ying Chu
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important pathogen that poses a severe threat to the health of humans. Nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV plays crucial roles in the viral life cycle by interacting with various cellular f...
Authors: Guoyao Ma, Lin Chen, Jing Luo, Bo Wang, Chengmin Wang, Meng Li, Chengmei Huang, Juan Du, Jiajun Ma, Yungfu Chang and Hongxuan He
Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may help to overcome the shortage of human tissues and organs for the treatment of tissue and organ failure. Progress in the prevention of immunological ...
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease caused by PED virus (PEDV), characterized by vomitting, watery diarrhea and fatal dehydration with high mortality in sucking pi...
Authors: Yifeng Chen, Zhibang Zhang, Jie Li, Yueyi Gao, Lei Zhou, Xinna Ge, Jun Han, Xin Guo and Hanchun Yang
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) is an important immunosuppressive virus which can suppresses infected cells proliferation. In this work, we examined PRRSV ability to manipulate cell ...
Authors: Linlin Song, Ximeng Han, Cunyu Jia, Xin Zhang, Yunjie Jiao, Taofeng Du, Shuqi Xiao, Julian A. Hiscox, En-Min Zhou and Yang Mu
Viral disease has become the most severe constraint for the cultivation and production of Passiflora edulis in China. The infection of Telosma mosaic virus (TeMV), a potyvirus, and its effects on the phytochemica...
Authors: Shuangshuang Chen, Nannan Yu, Shaohuan Yang, Baoping Zhong and Hanhong Lan
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human Rhinovirus (HRV) and human Metapneumo Virus (HMPV) are important viral pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in the hospitalized patients. Sensitive and ...
Authors: Zhi-shan Feng, Li Zhao, Ji Wang, Fang-zhou Qiu, Meng-chuan Zhao, Le Wang, Su-xia Duan, Rui-qing Zhang, Chen Chen, Ju-Ju Qi, Tao Fan, Gui-xia Li and Xue-jun Ma
Cervical cancer screening with assays detecting DNA of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types is more effective than cytology-based screening. This study completes the diagnostic accuracy assessment cond...
Authors: Ajmal Akbari, Davy Vanden Broeck, Ina Benoy, Elizaveta Padalko, Johannes Bogers and Marc Arbyn
Limited data are available on the incidence of variations in nucleotide sequences of long terminal repeat (LTR) regions of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV). Consequently, the possible impact of SNPs on BLV LTR func...
Authors: Aneta Pluta, Marzena Rola-Łuszczak, Renée N Douville and Jacek Kuźmak
The H6N1 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can infect people with an influenza-like illness; the H6N1 viruses possess the ability for zoonotic transmission from avians into mammals, and possibly pose a...
Authors: Haibo Wu, Fan Yang, Fumin Liu, Rufeng Lu, Xiuming Peng, Bin Chen, Hangping Yao and Nanping Wu
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a key cytosolic receptor of the innate immune system. Seneca valley virus (SVV) is a newly emerging RNA virus that infects pigs causing significant economic losses in ...
Authors: Pengfei Li, Xiangle Zhang, Weijun Cao, Fan Yang, Xiaoli Du, Zhengwang Shi, Miaotao Zhang, Xiangtao Liu, Zixiang Zhu and Haixue Zheng
In 2017 the Nigerian Ministry of Health notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of an outbreak of hepatitis E located in the north-east region of the country with 146 cases with 2 deaths. The analysis of ...
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute children gastroenteritis. The rotavirus P [10] belongs to P[I] genogroup of group A rotaviruses that mainly infect animals, while the rotavirus P [10] was mainly id...
Authors: Li-li Pang, Meng-xuan Wang, Xiao-man Sun, Yue Yuan, Yu Qing, Yan Xin, Jia-yan Zhang, Dan-di Li and Zhao-jun Duan
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is endemic among population of young children in Thailand. The disease is mostly caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16).
Abnormally increased immune activation is one of the main pathological features of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This study aimed to determine whether long-term nonprogression (LTNP) suppresses th...
Authors: Miaomiao Zhang, Zhuotao Fu, Jiantao Chen, Boqiang Zhu, Ye Cheng and Linchun Fu
Measles (MEV) and mumps virus (MUV) are enveloped, non-segmented, negative single stranded RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, and are the cause of measles and mumps, respectively, both preventable by vacc...
Authors: Dora Sviben, Dubravko Forcic, Beata Halassy, Günter Allmaier, Martina Marchetti-Deschmann and Marija Brgles
The Enterovirus (EV) surveillance system is inadequate in densely populated cities in India. EV can be shed in feces for several weeks; these viruses are not easily inactivated and may persist in sewage for long ...
Zika virus (ZIKV) became a global human health concern owing to its rapid spread worldwide and its association with congenital and neurological disorders. The current epidemiological profile of arboviruses in ...
Authors: Lívia Sacchetto, Danielle Alves Gomes Zauli, Galileu Barbosa Costa, Sarah Anne J Guagliardo, Luige Biciati Alvim, Feliciana Lage de Oliveira Marinho, Jônatas Santos Abrahão, Giliane de Souza Trindade, Erna Geessien Kroon, Elvis Cristian Cueva Mateo and Betânia Paiva Drumond
Recent systems for Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) viral load (VL) monitoring allow one-by-one analysis and fast turn-around-time for results. VL measurement on two rapid recently commercialized systems...
Authors: Charlotte Pronier, Sarrah Boukthir, Laura Courtellemont, Gisèle Lagathu, Anne Maillard and Vincent Thibault
In the original publication of article [1], ‘20 × 101 copies’, which is in the sentence ‘As seen in Fig. 4, the sensitivity of the specimens containing equal to or more than 20 × 101copies in 2 μL of extracted D...
An HIV cure has not yet been achieved because latent viral reservoirs persist, particularly in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. In vitro, it is difficult to infect resting CD4+ T cells with HIV-1, but infections readi...
Authors: Meghan Schilthuis, Seth Verkaik, Mackenzie Walhof, Andrew Philipose, Olivia Harlow, Derrick Kamp, Bo Ram Kim and Anding Shen
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause a wide range of diseases worldwide, including respiratory infections. Studies on HAdV molecular epidemiology are limited in Cameroon. The purpose of this study is to document t...
Authors: Sebastien Kenmoe, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Jerôme Le Goff, Véronique Beng Penlap, Astrid Vabret and Richard Njouom
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure has played a vital role in management of portal hypertension. Thus, we aimed to investigate the natural history, long-term clinical outcome, predi...
Authors: Dengke Teng, Hao Zuo, Lin Liu, Jinghui Dong and Lei Ding
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 3 infection with advanced liver disease has emerged as a challenging to treat by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), but the efficacy of DAAs in Chinese HCV-GT3 patie...
Authors: Ya-Chao Tao, Rong Deng, Meng-Lan Wang, Duo-Duo Lv, Man Yuan, Yong-Hong Wang, En-Qiang Chen and Hong Tang
Human adenoviruses are common causes of community-acquired respiratory tract and enteric infections. Severe disseminated infections with high mortality rates may be seen in immunocompromised individuals. An ac...
Authors: Samson S. Y. Wong, Cyril C. Y. Yip, Siddharth Sridhar, Kit-Hang Leung, Andrew K. W. Cheng, Ami M. Y. Fung, Ho-Yin Lam, Kwok-Hung Chan, Jasper F. W. Chan, Vincent C. C. Cheng, Bone S. F. Tang and Kwok-Yung Yuen
Viral hepatitis constitutes a global health problem; previous studies have affirmed a considerable morbidity and mortality from both acute infections and chronic complications. On the other hand, Human Immunod...
Authors: M. M. Badawi, M. S. Atif and Y. Y. Mustafa
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is the prevalent virus inducing maize dwarf mosaic and sugarcane mosaic diseases in China. According to the phylogenetic results of the complete genomic and coat protein gene sequenc...
Authors: W Tang, Z-Y Yan, T-S Zhu, X-J Xu, X -D Li and Y-P Tian
A serological method to simultaneously detect antibodies against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is imperative for the differential diagnosis and evaluation of a...
Authors: Huanan Wang, Feng Cong, Jianchi Guan, Li Xiao, Yujun Zhu, Yuexiao Lian, Ren Huang, Meili Chen and Pengju Guo
Torquetenovirus (TTV) belongs to Anelloviridae family, infects nearly all people indefinitely without causing overt disease establishing a fine and successful interaction with the host. Increasing evidence have s...
Authors: Francesco Martelli, Lisa Macera, Pietro Giorgio Spezia, Chiara Medici, Mauro Pistello, Daniele Guasti, Paolo Romagnoli, Fabrizio Maggi and Simone Giannecchini
We evaluated the frequency of naturally occurring resistance associated substitutions (RASs) and their characteristic of polymorphic or non-polymorphic amino acid change to direct acting antivirals (DAAs) in N...
Antiretrovirals have been available in Ghana since 2003 for HIV-1 positive pregnant women for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). Suboptimal responses to treatment observed post-PMTCT intervent...
Authors: Alexander Martin-Odoom, Charles Addoquaye Brown, John Kofi Odoom, Evelyn Yayra Bonney, Nana Afia Asante Ntim, Elena Delgado, Margaret Lartey, Kwamena William Sagoe, Theophilus Adiku and William Kwabena Ampofo
Tembusu virus is a newly emerging flavivirus that caused egg-drop syndrome in ducks in China. TMUV envelope protein is a major structural protein locates at the surface of tembusu virus particle. During tembus...
Authors: Dongmin Zhao, Kaikai Han, Xinmei Huang, Lijiao Zhang, Huili Wang, Na Liu, Yujie Tian, Qingtao Liu, Jing Yang, Yuzhuo Liu and Yin Li
The non-translated regions at the genome ends of RNA viruses serve diverse functions and can exhibit various levels of nucleotide (nt) heterogeneity. However, the extent of nt heterogeneity at the extreme term...
Authors: Angel Y. S. Chen, Shizu Watanabe, Raymond Yokomi and James C. K. Ng
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), a pathogenic flavivirus, emerged in China since 2010 and causing huge economic loss in the Chinese poultry industry. Although several vaccines have been reported to control DTMUV di...
Authors: Jingyu Tang, Zhuangli Bi, Mingyang Ding, Dongdong Yin, Jie Zhu, Li Zhang, Qiuhong Miao, Yingqi Zhu, Guijun Wang and Guangqing Liu
Currently, there is no consensus on the efficacy and safety of lamivudine (LAM) plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) combination therapy versus lamivudine monotherapy in HBV/HIV coinfected patients.
