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  1. DNA vaccine is one of the research hotspots in veterinary vaccine development. Several advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, ease of design and production, good biocompatibility of plasmid DNA, attractive bi...

    Authors: Xing-Bo Liu, Guo-Wei Yu, Xin-Yu Gao, Jin-Long Huang, Li-Ting Qin, Hong-Bo Ni and Chuang Lyu

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:60

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  2. The sample collection procedure for SARS-CoV-2 has a strong impact on diagnostic capability, contact tracing approach, ultimately affecting the infection containment performance. This study demonstrates that s...

    Authors: Silvia Ricci, Lorenzo Lodi, Francesco Citera, Francesco Nieddu, Maria Moriondo, Valentina Guarnieri, Mattia Giovannini, Giuseppe Indolfi, Massimo Resti, Alberto Zanobini and Chiara Azzari

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:59

    Content type: Short report

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  3. With the novel coronavirus pandemic, the impact on the healthcare system and workers cannot be overlooked. However, studies on the infection status of medical personnel are still lacking. It is imperative to e...

    Authors: Golnar Sabetian, Mohsen Moghadami, Leila Hashemizadeh Fard Haghighi, Reza Shahriarirad, Mohammad Javad Fallahi, Naeimehossadat Asmarian and Yalda Sadat Moeini

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:58

    Content type: Research

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  5. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a transforming gammaherpesvirus. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV infection is for life long and there is no treatment that can cure patients from the virus. In ...

    Authors: Coral Orel Haddad, Inna Kalt, Yehuda Shovman, Lei Xia, Yehuda Schlesinger, Ronit Sarid and Oren Parnas

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:56

    Content type: Research

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  6. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: David R. McIlwain, Han Chen, Maria Apkarian, Melton Affrime, Bonnie Bock, Kenneth Kim, Nilanjan Mukherjee, Garry P. Nolan and Monica M. McNeal

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:55

    Content type: Correction

    Published on:

    The original article was published in Virology Journal 2021 18:45

  7. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains ongoing around the world, including in areas where dengue is endemic. Dengue and COVID-19, to some extent, have similar clinical and laboratory features...

    Authors: Marsha S. Santoso, Sri Masyeni, Sotianingsih Haryanto, Benediktus Yohan, Martin L. Hibberd and R. Tedjo Sasmono

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:54

    Content type: Short report

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  8. The sudden arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic placed significant stresses on supply chains including viral transport medium (VTM). The VTM that was urgently required needed to support viral replication, as well ...

    Authors: Julie McAuley, Claire Fraser, Elena Paraskeva, Elizabeth Trajcevska, Michelle Sait, Nancy Wang, Eric Bert, Damian Purcell and Richard Strugnell

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:53

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  9. Efficient monitoring and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) require access to diagnostic tests, and serological diagnostic testing is desirable. In the current study, antibodies were investigated i...

    Authors: Jira Chansaenroj, Ritthideach Yorsaeng, Nawarat Posuwan, Jiratchaya Puenpa, Natthinee Sudhinaraset, Chintana Chirathaworn and Yong Poovorawan

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:52

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  10. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is currently the main cause of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions in female patients. By analyzing 6-year patient data from Shanghai Zhoupu Hospital in China, we retr...

    Authors: Ping Li, Qing Liu, Wei Li, Zhou Liu, Baoling Xing, Suqin Wu, Zhaoli Zhou, Liping Sun, He Ren, Hengfeng Li and Huaping Li

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:51

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  12. Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) ubiquitin ligases belong to a RING finger domain E3 ligases family. Recent studies have demonstrated that MARCH proteins play critical roles during various viral infections....

    Authors: Chunfu Zheng and Yan-Dong Tang

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:49

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  14. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a serious health problem in several tropical countries, is the causative agent of chikungunya fever. Approved antiviral therapies or vaccines for the treatment or prevention of CHIKV...

    Authors: Poonam Patil, Megha Agrawal, Shahdab Almelkar, Manish Kumar Jeengar, Ashwini More, Kalichamy Alagarasu, Naveen V. Kumar, Prathama S. Mainkar, Deepti Parashar and Sarah Cherian

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:47

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  15. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and broke out as a global pandemic in late 2019. The acidic pH environment of endosomes is believed to be essential for SARS-CoV-2 to be able to ente...

    Authors: Chao Shang, Xinyu Zhuang, He Zhang, Yiquan Li, Yilong Zhu, Jing Lu, Chenchen Ge, Jianan Cong, Tingyu Li, Mingyao Tian, Ningyi Jin and Xiao Li

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:46

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  16. Influenza places a significant burden on global health and economics. Individual case management and public health efforts to mitigate the spread of influenza are both strongly impacted by our ability to accur...

    Authors: David R. McIlwain, Han Chen, Maria Apkarian, Melton Affrime, Bonnie Bock, Kenneth Kim, Nilanjan Mukherjee, Garry P. Nolan and Monica M. McNeal

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:45

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Virology Journal 2021 18:55

  17. Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious swine disease resulting in large economical losses worldwide. The viral envelope glycoprotein E2 and Erns are ma...

    Authors: Qiang Wei, Yilin Bai, Yapeng Song, Yunchao Liu, Wei Yu, Yaning Sun, Li Wang, Ruiguang Deng, Guangxu Xing and Gaiping Zhang

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:44

    Content type: Short report

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  19. Pepper vein yellows viruses (PeVYV) are phloem-restricted viruses in the genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae. Typical viral symptoms of PeVYV including interveinal yellowing of leaves and upward leaf curling w...

    Authors: Kuangjie Zhao, Yueyan Yin, Mengying Hua, Shaoxiang Wang, Xiaohan Mo, Enping Yuan, Hongying Zheng, Lin Lin, Hairu Chen, Yuwen Lu, Jianping Chen, Jiejun Peng and Fei Yan

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:42

    Content type: Short report

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  21. Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) causes high amounts of morbidity and mortality worldwide every year. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major pathogen of ARTIs in children. In this study, we aimed to...

    Authors: Chao Wang, Tianli Wei, Fenlian Ma, Hao Wang, Jianqiang Guo, Aijun Chen, Yiman Huang, Zhiping Xie and Lishu Zheng

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:40

    Content type: Research

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  22. Both the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have been reported to cross species barriers to infect humans. H5N1 viruses can cause severe damage...

    Authors: Yuting Yang, Yun Zhang, Changcheng Yang, Fang Fang, Ying Wang, Haiyan Chang, Ze Chen and Ping Chen

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:39

    Content type: Research

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  24. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is difficult to cure. HBV-specific immune tolerance plays a key role in HBV persistence, and enhancing cellular and humoral immunity will improve the control of HBV infection....

    Authors: Tingyu Lan, Zhiqiang Wei, Yulin He, Song Wan, Li Liu, Bin Cheng, Ruimin Li, Hongxia Chen, Guohua Liu and Zhongji Meng

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:37

    Content type: Research

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  25. Influenza A virus (IAV) contains a genome with eight single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments that encode 17 proteins. During its assembly, all eight separate viral RNA (vRNA) segments are incorporated int...

    Authors: Xiuli Li, Min Gu, Qinmei Zheng, Ruyi Gao and Xiufan Liu

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:36

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  26. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques constitute an excellent model of human HIV infection. Sensitive detection of SIV RNA in cell and tissue samples from infected animals subjected to t...

    Authors: Samuel Long and Brian Berkemeier

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:35

    Content type: Methodology

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  27. Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 during pandemic enables timely treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of rapid diagnostic testing kits is crucial for surveillance and diagn...

    Authors: Umar Saeed, Sara Rizwan Uppal, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Azhar Rasheed, Zubair Aftab, Hafsah Zaheer and Rizwan Uppal

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:34

    Content type: Short report

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  28. To investigate the predictive significance of different pneumonia scoring systems in clinical severity and mortality risk of patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia.

    Authors: PengFei Cheng, Hao Wu, JunZhe Yang, XiaoYang Song, MengDa Xu, BiXi Li, JunJun Zhang, MingZhe Qin, Cheng Zhou and Xiang Zhou

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:33

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  29. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Yuefei Jin, Chao Zhang, Rongguang Zhang, Jingchao Ren, Shuaiyin Chen, Meili Sui, Guangyuan Zhou, Dejian Dang, Jiehui Zhu, Huifen Feng, Yuanlin Xi, Haiyan Yang and Guangcai Duan

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:32

    Content type: Correction

    Published on:

    The original article was published in Virology Journal 2017 14:243

  31. Despite being a leading infectious cause of childhood disability globally, testing for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in pregnancy is generally not done in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), where breastfeeding practi...

    Authors: Kerina Duri, Simbarashe Chimhuya, Exnevia Gomo, Privilege Tendai Munjoma, Panashe Chandiwana, Louis Marie Yindom, Kudakwashe Mhandire, Asaph Ziruma, Sekesai Mtapuri-Zinyowera, Lovemore Ronald Mazengera, Benjamin Misselwitz, Felicity Zvanyadza Gumbo, Sebastian Jordi and Sarah Rowland-Jones

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:30

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  32. Japanese encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne neurotropic flavivirus that causes acute viral encephalitis in humans. Pigs are crucial amplifier host of JEV. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that long ...

    Authors: Xiaolong Zhou, Qiongyu Yuan, Chen Zhang, Zhenglie Dai, Chengtao Du, Han Wang, Xiangchen Li, Songbai Yang and Ayong Zhao

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:29

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  33. Diverse vaccination outcomes and protection levels among different populations pose a serious challenge to the development of an effective malaria vaccine. Co-infections are among many factors associated with ...

    Authors: Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo, Tobias Schindler, Jean-Pierre Dangy, Nina Orlova-Fink, Jose Raso Bieri, Maximillian Mpina, Florence A. Milando, Omar Juma, Ali Hamad, Elizabeth Nyakarungu, Mwajuma Chemba, Ali Mtoro, Kamaka Ramadhan, Ally Olotu, Damas Makweba, Stephen Mgaya…

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:28

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  34. Orf virus (ORFV) is a member of the genus Parapoxvirus and family Poxviridae. The virus has a worldwide distribution and infects sheep, goats, humans, and wild animals. However, due to the complex structure of th...

    Authors: Guohua Chen, Xiaobing He, Huaijie Jia, Yongxiang Fang, Xiaoxia Wang, Zhongzi Lou, Fan Yang, Weike Li and Zhizhong Jing

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:27

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  35. Herpes Simplex Virus type I (HSV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that enters productive infection in epithelial cells and reorganizes the host nucleus. Cohesin, a major constituent of interphase and mi...

    Authors: Xin Li, Yafen Yu, Fengchao Lang, Guijun Chen, Erlin Wang, Lihong Li, Zhuoran Li, Liping Yang, Xia Cao, Nigel W. Fraser and Jumin Zhou

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:26

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  36. The role of viruses as a cause of breast cancer (BC) has been significantly investigated in recent years. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been detected in invasive breast carcinomas, while most studies have onl...

    Authors: Morvarid Golrokh Mofrad, Zohreh Azita Sadigh, Sanaz Ainechi and Ebrahim Faghihloo

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:25

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  37. Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and HPyV7 are two of the novel polyomaviruses that were originally detected in non-diseased skin. Serological studies have shown that these viruses are ubiquitous in the healthy ad...

    Authors: Carla Prezioso, Marijke Van Ghelue, Ugo Moens and Valeria Pietropaolo

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:24

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  38. African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease, affects domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where regular outbreaks are reported leading to high mortality rates approach...

    Authors: Patrick N. Bisimwa, Juliette R. Ongus, Lucilla Steinaa, Espoir B. Bisimwa, Edwina Bochere, Eunice M. Machuka, Jean-Baka Domelevo Entfellner, Edward Okoth and Roger Pelle

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:23

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  39. Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic factor in influenza A virus infection. It has been found that reactive oxygen species induced by the H9N2 influenza virus is associated with viral replication. Howev...

    Authors: Rui-hua Zhang, Hong-liang Zhang, Pei-yao Li, Chun-hong Li, Jing-ping Gao, Jun Li, Tong Xu, Xue-jing Wang, Cun-lian Wang, Hui-chen Zhang, Ming-ju Xu and Shu-fei Tian

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:22

    Content type: Research

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  40. The generation of accurate and reproducible viral sequence data is necessary to understand the diversity present in populations of RNA viruses isolated from clinical samples. While various sequencing methods a...

    Authors: Ryan V. Moriarty, Nicolas Fesser, Matthew S. Sutton, Vanessa Venturi, Miles P. Davenport, Timothy Schlub and Shelby L. O’Connor

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:21

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  41. Coinfections of HIV-positive individuals with Hepatitis B and D virus (HBV and HDV) are common and can be associated with rapid liver damage. Several antiretroviral drugs for HIV exhibit anti-HBV effect; howev...

    Authors: Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye, Olusola Anuoluwapo Akanbi, Folakemi Abiodun Osundare, Bo Wang, Olufisayo Adesina, Adeolu Sunday Oluremi, Sola Thomas Sunday, Abiodun Akeem Akindele, Patrycja Klink and C. Thomas Bock

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:20

    Content type: Research

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  42. In China, more than 20 million patients with chronic hepatitis B need antiviral treatment. Side effects of antiviral treatment such as renal complications can be problematic, particularly in an aging population.

    Authors: Jueqing Gu, Guodong Yu, Xiaoli Zhang, Shanyan Zhang, Huan Cai, Chanyuan Ye, Yida Yang, Dezhou Li, Zhaowei Tong, Huajiang Shen, Huazhong Chen, Feng Ding, Xijie Lai, Junyan Liu, Meiling Xu and Weiti Wu

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:19

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  44. Integrase (IN) is an essential protein for HIV replication that catalyzes insertion of the reverse-transcribed viral genome into the host chromosome during the early steps of viral infection. Highly active ant...

    Authors: Ki Hoon Park, Minjee Kim, Seoung Eun Bae, Hee Jung Lee, Kyung-Chang Kim, Byeong Sun Choi and Young Bong Kim

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:17

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  45. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is now classified in the genus Coronavirus with closely related SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 is highly pathogenic in humans and is classified as a biosafety l...

    Authors: Hideki Tani, Miyuki Kimura, Long Tan, Yoshihiro Yoshida, Tatsuhiko Ozawa, Hiroyuki Kishi, Shuetsu Fukushi, Masayuki Saijo, Kaori Sano, Tadaki Suzuki, Hitoshi Kawasuji, Akitoshi Ueno, Yuki Miyajima, Yasutaka Fukui, Ippei Sakamaki, Yoshihiro Yamamoto…

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:16

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  46. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the leading causes of acute, chronic and occult hepatitis (OBI) representing a serious public health threat. Cytokines are known to be important chemical mediators that re...

    Authors: Camilla Rodrigues de Almeida Ribeiro, Nathalia Alves Araújo de Almeida, Katrini Guidolini Martinelli, Marcia Amendola Pires, Carlos Eduardo Brandao Mello, José J. Barros and Vanessa Salete de Paula

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:15

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  47. To identify site-specific features of amino acid substitutions that confer enhanced H7N9 virulence in humans, we independently generated mammalian-adapted variants of A/Anhui/1/2013 (AH-H7N9) and A/Shanghai/2/...

    Authors: Ting Zhang, Haiwei Du, Li Guo, Feng Liu, Haoxiang Su and Fan Yang

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:14

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  48. COVID-19 is diagnosed via detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR). Performance of many SARS-CoV-2 rtRT-PCR assays is not entirely known due to the...

    Authors: Jamil N. Kanji, Nathan Zelyas, Clayton MacDonald, Kanti Pabbaraju, Muhammad Naeem Khan, Abhaya Prasad, Jia Hu, Mathew Diggle, Byron M. Berenger and Graham Tipples

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:13

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  49. Chemokine levels in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been shown to be markedly elevated. But the role of chemokines in mild COVID-19 has not yet been established. According to the epide...

    Authors: Xueyan Xi, Yang Guo, Min Zhu, Yuhui Wei, Gang Li, Boyu Du and Yunfu Wang

    Citation: Virology Journal 2021 18:12

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

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  • ISSN: 1743-422X (electronic)

Virology Journal

ISSN: 1743-422X