Skip to main content
Download PDF

Design of a chimaeric antigen and its use in the detection of IgG antibodies against rubella virus

Virology Journal volume 19, Article number: 33 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malformation or even miscarriage, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a simple and sensitive RV detection method.

Methods

The partial epitopes of the E1 and E2 proteins from Rubella Virus were selected as the target sites, the sequence of the selected antigenic sites of the E1 and E2 were linked by a linker. The expression plasmid P6T was constructed by inserting the gene into PET-32A + with a histidine Tag. The P6 protein was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli L21 (DE3) and purified by nickel column affinity. The protein P6 antigen was identified by Western blotting analysis, and an anti-P6 antibody ELISA was established to test known serum samples to evaluate the capability of this method.

Results

After purification, the concentration and purity of the protein P6 were 0.283 mg/mL and more than 80%, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that the protein P6 could react with rubella virus positive serum. By ELISA, 36 negative sera and 58 positive sera were detected. The coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89% and 84.48%, respectively. The P6 ELISA with a kappa coefficient of 0.715, P < 0.05, indicated excellent consistency.

Conclusions

The protein P6 with excellent antigenicity obtained from prokaryotic expression followed by chromatography purification could prove useful for early diagnosis of RV infection.

Background

Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles [1]. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malformation or even miscarriage, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy [2, 3]. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a simple and sensitive RV detection method. After Rubella virus infection, IgM appears earlier than IgG. However, it is maintained for a short period of time and decreases in expression after 1 month until it turns negative. IgG antibody appears after IgM, and the level of IgG antibody shows a rising trend. The peak IgG expression appears 1–2 months after infection. Its level decreases very slowly. IgG can remain in the body for long periods of time, even up to a few decades [4,5,6]. Therefore, IgM can be used as a marker for early pathogen infection, and IgG antibody can be used as a marker for late infection and after infection.

RV has three structural proteins: one capsid protein (C) and two envelope proteins (E2 and E1). C is rich in arginine and proline residues, which make it positively charged and facilitate its reaction with genomic RNA during nucleocapsid formation [7]. As type I membrane proteins, E1 and E2 are heterodimerized to form complexes on the surface of the virus [8]. The main function of the spinous process complex is to collect host cell receptors and to mediate the fusion between the virus and host cell membrane [9]. For RV IgG antibodies, E1 has the most epitopes compared to E2 and C protein [10]. It has been found that a protein expressed by serially linking different epitopes of the virus can be used for the detection of RV-specific IgG with good diagnostic efficacy [11]. In this paper, the immunodominant regions of two RV structural proteins were expressed in tandem on the same protein, and the recombinant protein was applied to an indirect ELISA for detecting RV-IgG.

Methods

Materials and reagents

Escherichia coli (E. coli) DH5α competent cells were obtained from our own laboratory. BL21 (DE3) competent cells was purchased from TransGen Biotech(China). T4 DNA ligase and all restriction enzymes were purchased from NEB. HRP-labelled goat anti-human IgG was purchased from Santa Cruz (USA). DAB (USA, Vector labs). Samples from 94 umbilical cord serum samples collected in 2014 from HuNan Province by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The origin of samplesis from individuals with history of 2B genotype infection. All of them were confirmed by a RV ELISA Kit (Germany, VirionSerion), of which 58 were positive and 36 were negative.

Construction of the expression plasmid P6T

Based on references [12,13,14], sequences with antigenic sites of E1 (199-286) and E2 (1-115) were selected, they were linked by a linker (GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS). After codon optimization, restriction endonuclease sites for BamHI and HindIII were added at both ends. The construct was then synthetized by the Invitrogen company (named P6T). P6T (18 ng/µL) was digested by BamHI and HindIII. P6T was purified and ligated to the pGEM-T expression vector. Then, the plasmid pGEM-T-P6T was transformed into E. coli DH5α. The positive clones were further identified with the restriction endonuclease digestion of BamHI and HindIII. The sequence was confirmed by SinoGenoMax Company.

Preparation of the protein P6

Plasmid P6T was transformed to BL21 (DE3) competent cells. The transformed BL21 (DE3) was inoculated in LB medium containing 50 µg/mL ampicillin and induced expression. After cleaning twice with 10 mL high salt lysate (20 mM Tris, 0.5 m NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 5% glycerol, 0.5% TritonX-100, PH8.0), ice water bath ultrasound (270 W, ultrasound 5S, pause 25S) for 15 min. After centrifugation, the precipitate was dissolved in 10 mL equilibrium buffer solution (20 mM Tris, 0.5 m NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, PH8.0), and centrifuged again. The resulting supernatant was filtered by a 0.45 um filter. The filtrated supernatant was purified by nickel column and eluted with gradient elution of 60 mmol/L and 300 mmol/L imidazole. The elution samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the content and distribution of the target protein were observed [15]. The eluent with higher purity was desalted by dialysis, the target protein was concentrated by ultrafiltration centrifuge, and stored at 4 ℃ for later use.

Western blotting analysis of the protein P6

Protein P6 was separated using 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% milk for 1 h at room temperature and were then washed 3 times in PBST. The membranes were then incubated with the cord blood serum at 1:200 dilution with the blocking solution at 4 °C overnight and washed 3 times. The membranes were then incubated with goat anti-human IgG-HRP-linked antibody (America, Santa Cruz Inc, 1:5 000) for 1 h at room temperature and washed 3 times.The protein levels were measured using a DAB Horseradish Peroxidase Color Development Kit.

The protein P 6 was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

After diluting the P6 sample with buffer solution, 100 µl of sample was added into each well, and the sample was coated at 4 °C for 12 h. Then, the plate was washed four times with PBST buffer. Then, 200 µl of blocking solution was added to each well, and the plate was stored at 37 °C for 2 h. The plate was washed with PBST buffer four times. Then, 100 µl of serum diluted with a blocking solution (PBST solution containing 5% BSA) was added. After being stored at 37 °C for 1 h, the plate was washed four times with PBST. Then, 100 µL of goat anti-human antibody (America, Santa Cruz Inc) diluted with blocking solution was added and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. The plate was washed as described above. Then, 100 µL of TMB (America, KPL) was added to each well. The plate was stored in the dark for 5–15 min at RT. The optical density (OD) value at 450 nm (A450) was measured by microplate reader, and the OD value at 630 nm (A630) was used as a reference. The optimal conditions of serum dilution, antigen concentration and reaction time were established by performing a checkerboard titration. When the ratio of positive serum to negative serum A450s (P/N) was the best critical value, the coated antigen concentration was the best envelope concentration [16, 17].

Data analysis

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn according to the OD value measured by the enzyme labelling method. The optimum critical value was determined by the Yoden index (Yoden index = sensitivity + specificity − 1). The sensitivity (Sensitivity = [true positive cases/(true positive cases + false negative cases)] × 100%) and specificity(Specificity = [true negative cases/(true negative cases + false positive cases)] × 100%) of the new detection method were calculated according to the critical value. SPSS18 software was used for statistical analysis of the experimental data.

Results

P6 was obtained by prokaryotic expression

The recombinant plasmid with multiple epitopes (named P6T) was constructed by selecting the immunoactive sites on the two structural proteins of RV. The P6T plasmid was approximately 666 bp (Fig. 1). The plasmid was successfully constructed and identified by sequencing and double restriction enzyme digestion (Fig. 1). P6T was expressed in E. coli, and the product was named P6. SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the protein P6 was approximately 44 kDa (Fig. 2). The expected fusion protein expressed encoded by just the pET-32a (+) vector alone would be around 20.4 kDa. In addition, the expected fusion protein expressed encoded by the P6T plasmid would be around 23.29 kDa (GSGLQPRADMAAPPAPPQPPRAHGQHYGHHHHQLPFLGHDGHHGGTLRVGQHHRNASDVLPGHWLQGGWGCYNLSDWHQGTHVCHTKHMDFWCVEHDRPPPATPTPLTTAANATTAAGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSDPGDLVEYIMNYTGNQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCSRLVGATPERPRLRLVDADDPLLRTAPGPGEVWVTPVIGSQARK). The results showed that the protein P6 could be expressed in E. coli. The protein was expressed as inclusion body at 0.283 mg/mL.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Agarose gel electrophoresis of P6T and its expression vector after double digestion. The target fragment P6T linked to PGEM-T and the expression vector PET-32a (+) were digested with restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII, and the obtained target fragment was recovered for identification by agron gel electrophoresis. 1: DNA marker, DL2000; 2: P6T plasmid; 3: double restriction enzyme (BamHI, HindIII) digestion product of pET-32a (+)

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Western blot identification of induced expression of P6 with human serum. The constructed recombinant expression plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3), and then induced by IPTG to obtain P6 in the form of inclusion body.Western blot was used to identify P6 with positive and negative anti-RV serum respectively, and the desired band was obtained in the positive serum. 1: Marker; 2. control (no IPTG induction); 3. expression product (IPTG induction: 2.5 h, 1 mM IPTG); 4. supernatant of expressed product; 5. marker; 6. control; 7. positive serum + P6; 8. negative serum + P6

Full size image

Imidazole elution (60 mM, 150 mM, 300 mM) was used for the purification of the target protein. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that P6 protein was the purest with 150 mM imidazole concentration. It is more than 80% pure (Fig. 2).

The protein P6 reacts with anti-RV serum

The antigenicity of the protein P6 was identified by Western blotting. The results showed that the cord blood serum (RV-positive) as a first antibody and goat anti-human IgG-HRP as a second antibody showed a significant band at approximately 44 kDa. Moreover, RV-negative serum as a primary antibody showed no band (Fig. 2). No protein P6 was added, and no significant bands were observed with either RV-positive or RV-negative serum (Fig. 2). The results showed that the protein P6 could react specifically with RV-positive serum.

P6 indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for identification of blood samples

The optimal conditions of serum dilution, antigen concentration and reaction time were established. The purified P6 protein was used as antigen at an optimal concentration of 5 µg/ML. The use of purified antigen allowed the testing of sera at a 1:50 dilution without nonspecific reaction. Ninety-four samples of umbilical cord blood (VirionSerion ELISA method) were selected to verify the accuracy of this method (Table 1). An ROC chart was drawn according to the OD value, and the Yoden index was used to determine the best cut off (cut off = 0.317). According to the critical value (Fig. 3), the coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89%, 84.48% respectively.

Table 1 The coincidence rate of P6 indirect ELISA and VirionSerion detection
Full size table
Fig. 3
figure 3

ROC curve of 94 cord blood was detected by P6 indirect ELISA. The optimum critical value was determined by the Yoden index (Yoden index = sensitivity + specificity − 1). Sensitivity = [true positive cases/(true positive cases + false negative cases)] × 100%. Specificity = [true negative cases/(true negative cases + false positive cases)] × 100%. The optimal critical value was 0.317. According to the critical value, the coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89%m 84.48% respectively

Full size image

Regarding the Chi-square test results, kappa = 0.715 and P < 0.05. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the P6 indirect ELISA and the known results.

Discussion

There are two types of rubella virus ELISA kits available on the market for testing IgM and IgG antibodies. When pregnant women are infected with RV but not infected in utero, the detection time of IgM antibody is short. When pregnant women are infected with rubella virus in utero, RV IgM antibody can be continuously detected before delivery [18]. Therefore, rubella virus IgM test is suitable for early infection and termination of pregnancy detection. The detection of RV IgG is suitable for the seroepidemiological investigation of RV. The monitoring of RV in China began in 1999 [19]. At present, ELISA is mainly used to investigate the evaluation of individual protective antibodies against RV and the investigation of antibody levels in the population. Meanwhile, the neutralization test is used for auxiliary verification. Because RV is complex to operate and have the risk of infection. At present, the quality of rubella IgG kits produced in China are uneven and the imported kits are expensive [20, 21]. Therefore, it is very important to establish a good rapid clinic serological detecting method for RV.

In this study, Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was selected as the expression system. Prokaryotic expression system is easy to survive, convenient to purchase and low cost. Its genomic information is simple and clear. The method is simple and efficient for the transformation of recombinant plasmid. When used to express foreign protein, the expression amount is high, and the expressed product is stable. Compared with prokaryotic expression system, Eukaryotic expression system has high cost, complex operation and low yield.

In this paper, the critical value of RV-specific IgG was determined by the ROC curve method. At present, there are many methods to determine the critical value of ELISA, such as the standard curve method, mean plus minus standard deviation method, ROC curve method, response surface optimization method, and uniform design [15, 22, 23]. The ROC curve method is a widely used method to determine the critical value considering specificity and sensitivity [24,25,26]. The practicality of the proposed method was tested by qualitative analysis of serum data, so the ROC curve method was used to determine the critical value of the proposed method.

There may be some deficiencies in the establishment of the ELISA in the experiment. First, the optimization of ELISA experimental processes involves a number of conditions. Not all the conditions have been tried. Second, only the effective antigen sites of rubella virus E1 and E2 were expressed in this study. Within contrast to the whole virus, the other antigen sites were not expressed. Therefore, there was the possibility of missed detection. Finally, this experiment selected a limited number of serum samples. In order to evaluate the validity of established methods more rigorously, larger sample sizes are required for validation.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the recombinant protein P6 was expressed by a prokaryotic expression system. An indirect ELISA method for the detection of IgG antibody in serum was established by using P6. Although this method had some shortcomings, it had strong specificity. After optimization, it would be expected to provide a laboratory basis for the development of an RV detection kit with high specificity and sensitivity. The results provide a practical and effective plan for epidemiological surveys of RV in China.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

RV:

Rubella virus

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

LB:

Luria–Bertani

OD:

Optical density

References

  1. Banatvala JE, Brown DW. Rubella. Lancet. 2004;363:1127–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Best JM. Rubella. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12:182–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J, Poland GA. Rubella. Lancet. 2015;385:2297–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Messedi E, Fki-Berrajah L, Gargouri S, Chouikha A, Chaari A, Bouaziz M, Jallouli H, Yahia AB, Hammami A, Triki H, Karray-Hakim H. Clinical epidemiological and molecular aspects of rubella outbreak with high number of neurological cases, Tunisia 2011–2012. J Clin Virol. 2014;61:248–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ujiie M, Nabae K, Shobayashi T. Rubella outbreak in Japan. Lancet. 2014;383:1460–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dimech W, Mulders MN. A 16-year review of seroprevalence studies on measles and rubella. Vaccine. 2016;34:4110–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhu Z, Cui A, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang C, Zhou S, Chen X, Zhang Z, Feng D, et al. Emergence and continuous evolution of genotype 1E rubella viruses in China. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:353–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Schluter WW, Reef SE, Redd SC, Dykewicz CA. Changing epidemiology of congenital rubella syndrome in the United States. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:636–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Reef SE, Redd SB, Abernathy E, Zimmerman L, Icenogle JP. The epidemiological profile of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the United States, 1998–2004: the evidence for absence of endemic transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(Suppl 3):S126-132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhu Z, Rivailler P, Abernathy E, Cui A, Zhang Y, Mao N, Xu S, Zhou S, Lei Y, Wang Y, et al. Evolutionary analysis of rubella viruses in mainland China during 2010–2012: endemic circulation of genotype 1E and introductions of genotype 2B. Sci Rep. 2015;5:7999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Skrastina D, Petrovskis I, Petraityte R, Sominskaya I, Ose V, Lieknina I, Bogans J, Sasnauskas K, Pumpens P. Chimeric derivatives of hepatitis B virus core particles carrying major epitopes of the rubella virus E1 glycoprotein. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20:1719–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. White SJ, Boldt KL, Holditch SJ, Poland GA, Jacobson RM. Measles, mumps, and rubella. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2012;55:550–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Liu Y, Yu F, Huang H, Han J. Development of recombinant antigen array for simultaneous detection of viral antibodies. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e73842.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dimech W, Mulders MN. A review of testing used in seroprevalence studies on measles and rubella. Vaccine. 2016;34:4119–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhu Z, Abernathy E, Cui A, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang T, Ling H, Zhao C, et al. Rubella virus genotypes in the People’s Republic of China between 1979 and 2007: a shift in endemic viruses during the 2001 Rubella Epidemic. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1775–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Petrova EK, Dmitrieva AA, Trifonova EA, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. The key role of rubella virus glycoproteins in the formation of immune response, and perspectives on their use in the development of new recombinant vaccines. Vaccine. 2016;34:1006–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. English AI. Global distribution of measles and rubella genotypes – update. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2006;81:474.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Pande M, Frazier ML. Epidemiology. Colorectal Cancer: Diagnosis and Clinical Management; 2014.

  19. Zhu Z, Wen-Bo XU. Molecular epidemiological of rubella virus. Chin J Vaccines and Immunization 2007.

  20. Yu T, Qu S, Zhang X, Sun N, Huang J. The quality analysis of national supervising sampling for rubella virus IgM diagnostic kits in 2014. Chin J Med Instrum.

  21. Hou LP, An LL, Zhang M, Sun DG, Ma X. Comparison of 7 kits for detection of rubella IgG antibodies. Chin J Family Plan. 2010;175:212–4.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang Y, Xu S, Wang H, Zhu Z, Ji Y, Liu C, Zhang X, Sun L, Zhou J, Lu P, et al. Single endemic genotype of measles virus continuously circulating in China for at least 16 years. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e34401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chen M, Zhang Y, Huang F, Wang H, Liu D, Li J, Rodewald L, Wu J, Deng Y, Xu W. Endemic and imported measles virus-associated outbreaks among adults, Beijing, China, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:477–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Giessauf A, Letschka T, Walder G, Dierich MP, Wurzner R. A synthetic peptide ELISA for the screening of rubella virus neutralizing antibodies in order to ascertain immunity. J Immunol Methods. 2004;287:1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Scholz C, Thirault L, Schaarschmidt P, Zarnt T, Faatz E, Engel AM, Upmeier B, Bollhagen R, Eckert B, Schmid FX. Chaperone-aided in vitro renaturation of an engineered E1 envelope protein for detection of anti-Rubella virus IgG antibodies. Biochemistry. 2008;47:4276–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mangala Prasad V, Willows SD, Fokine A, Battisti AJ, Sun S, Plevka P, Hobman TC, Rossmann MG. Rubella virus capsid protein structure and its role in virus assembly and infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:20105–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are very thankful to Dr.XU Wenbo, Professor of Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, for his help to provide samples for our research. We also gratefully acknowledge the help of Dr. CAO Lei, who has offered our valuable suggestions in the research.

Funding

This work was supported by “Trinity” College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Cultivation Project of Inner Mongolia Medical University (SWYT2020023), the Research Project of the Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation Project (2019MS08009), “Youth Innovation Fund” project of Inner Mongolia Medical University (YKD2020QNCX061), Inner Mongolia health and family planning scientific research projects (201701047).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Wenyue Xing and Li Li contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China

    Wenyue Xing, Li Li, Jingnan Zhang, Chunli Ma, Xin Xue, Shumei Ye, Huiting Xue, Ruiping Hu, Yanhua Ma & Hong Yuan

  2. The People’s Hospital of Jiang County, Shanxi, 043600, China

    Wenyue Xing

  3. School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China

    Yanhua Ma

Authors
  1. Wenyue Xing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Li Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jingnan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chunli Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xin Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shumei Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Huiting Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ruiping Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Yanhua Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hong Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HRP and XWY designed and initiated the study. XWY and ZJN carried out the experiment. MCL,XX,XHT and YSM performed the statistical analysis. LL and XWY drafted the manuscript. MYH and YH revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ruiping Hu, Yanhua Ma or Hong Yuan.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have declared no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xing, W., Li, L., Zhang, J. et al. Design of a chimaeric antigen and its use in the detection of IgG antibodies against rubella virus. Virol J 19, 33 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-022-01760-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-022-01760-y

Keywords

Virology Journal

ISSN: 1743-422X