Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):457–60.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report-209. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200816-covid-19-sitrep-209.pdf?sfvrsn=5dde1ca2_2. Accessed 16 Aug 2020.
Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, et al. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology. 2019;2020:200642.
Google Scholar
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–81.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–9.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):425–34.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, Lin M, Ying L, Pang P, et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology. 2020;2020:200432.
Google Scholar
Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, Zheng C, Wang F, Liu J. Chest CT for TYPICAL 2019-nCoV pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology. 2020;2020:200343.
Google Scholar
Zhao W, Zhong Z, Xie X, Yu Q, Liu J. Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: a multicenter study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214(5):1072–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu X, Yu C, Qu J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Huang D, et al. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47(5):1275–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Han R, Huang L, Jiang H, Dong J, Peng H, Zhang D. Early clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215:1–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Li Y, Xia L. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214(6):1280–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xiong Y, Sun D, Liu Y, Fan Y, Zhao L, Li X, et al. Clinical and high-resolution CT features of the COVID-19 infection: comparison of the initial and follow-up changes. Invest Radiol. 2020;55(6):332–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng Z, Lu Y, Cao Q, Qin L, Pan Z, Yan F, et al. Clinical features and chest CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a single-center study in Shanghai, China. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;2020:1–6.
Google Scholar
Xu YH, Dong JH, An WM, Lv XY, Yin XP, Zhang JZ, et al. Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. J Infect. 2020;80(4):394–400.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yuan M, Yin W, Tao Z, Tan W, Hu Y. Association of radiologic findings with mortality of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(3):e230548.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al. CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology. 2020;295(1):202–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang S, Li H, Huang S, You W, Sun H. High-resolution CT features of 17 cases of corona virus disease 2019 in Sichuan Province, China. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(4):2000334.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu T, et al. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan. China Eur Radiol. 2020;2020:1.
Google Scholar
Li K, Wu J, Wu F, Guo D, Chen L, Fang Z, et al. The clinical and chest CT features associated with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia. Invest Radiol. 2020;55(6):327–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Zhang N, et al. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology. 2020;295(3):200463.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W, Guo D, Fang Z, Chen L, et al. Chest CT findings in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and its relationship with clinical features. Invest Radiol. 2020;55(5):257–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Guan CS, Lv ZB, Yan S, Du YN, Chen H, Wei LG, et al. Imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evaluation on thin-section CT. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(5):609–13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bai HX, Hsieh B, Xiong Z, Halsey K, Choi JW, Tran TML, et al. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology. 2020;2020:200823.
Google Scholar
Miao C, Jin M, Miao L, Yang X, Huang P, Xiong H, et al. Early chest computed tomography to diagnose COVID-19 from suspected patients: a multicenter retrospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;S0735-6757(20):30281–3.
Song F, Shi N, Shan F, Zhang Z, Shen J, Lu H, et al. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):210–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Das KM, Lee EY, Enani MA, AlJawder SE, Singh R, Bashir S, et al. CT correlation with outcomes in 15 patients with acute Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;204(4):736–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–33.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. Accessed 11 Feb 2020.
Nayak S, Blumenfeld NR, Laksanasopin T, Sia SK. Point-of-care diagnostics: recent developments in a connected age. Anal Chem. 2017;89(1):102–23.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China website. Diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection (trial version 6). 2020;37(3):242–6.
Paul NS, Roberts H, Butany J, Chung T, Gold W, Mehta S, et al. Radiologic pattern of disease in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: the Toronto experience. Radiographics. 2004;24(2):553–63.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lei J, Li J, Li X, Qi X. CT Imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):18.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koo HJ, Lim S, Choe J,Choi SH, Sung H, Do KH. Radiographic and CT features of viral pneumonia1. Radiographics. 2018;38(3):719–39.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang Q, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Jiang Y. Emerging H7N9 influenza A (novel reassortant avian-origin) pneumonia: radiologic findings. Radiology. 2013;268(3):882–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wong KT, Antonio GE, Hui DS, Lee N, Yuen EH, Wu A, et al. Thin-section CT of severe acute respiratory syndrome: evaluation of 73 patients exposed to or with the disease1. Radiology. 2003;228(2):395–400.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ajlan AM, Ahyad RA, Jamjoom LG, Alharthy A, Madani TA. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: chest CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(4):782–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nicholls JM, Poon LL, Lee KC, Ng WF, Lai ST, Leung CY, et al. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361(9371):1773–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lang ZW, Zhang LJ, Zhang SJ, Meng X, Li JQ, Song CZ, et al. A clinicopathological study on 3 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2003;32(3):201–4.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ding Y, Wang H, Shen H, Li Z, Geng J, Han H, et al. The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China. J Pathol. 2003;200(3):282–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barton LM, Duval EJ, Stroberg E, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. COVID-19 Autopsies, Oklahoma, USA. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;153(6):725–33.
CAS
Google Scholar
Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, Niu L, Guo J, Liao M, et al. Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies. Mod Pathol. 2020;33(6):1007–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao SY. Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(5):700–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tikellis C, Thomas MC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key modulator of the renin angiotensin system in health and disease. Int J Pept. 2012;2012:256294.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Hamming I, Cooper ME, Haagmans BL, Hooper NM, Korstanje R, Osterhaus AD, et al. The emerging role of ACE2 in physiology and disease. J Pathol. 2007;212(1):1–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):875–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li Y, Zeng Z, Cao Y, Liu Y, Ping F, Liang M, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced rat acute lung injury via suppressing the ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27911.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gaur P, Saini S, Vats P, Kumar B. Regulation, signalling and functions of hormonal peptides in pulmonary vascular remodelling during hypoxia. Endocrine. 2018;59(3):466–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li X, Fang X, Bian Y, Lu J. Comparison of chest CT findings between COVID-19 pneumonia and other types of viral pneumonia: a two-center retrospective study. Eur Radiol. 2020;2020:1–9.
Google Scholar
Das KM, Lee EY, Al Jawder SE, Enani MA, Singh R, Skakni L, et al. Acute Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: temporal lung changes observed on the chest radiographs of 55 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(3):W267–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qureshi NR, Hien TT, Farrar J, Gleeson FV. The radiologic manifestations of H5N1 avian influenza. J Thorac Imaging. 2006;21(4):259–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: a review. Clin Immunol. 2020;215:108427.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):631–7.
Jia HP, Look DC, Shi L, Hickey M, Pewe L, Netland J, et al. ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia. J Virol. 2005;79(23):14614–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu D, Li L, Wu X, Zheng D, Wang J, Yang L, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: a preliminary analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(1):127–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xing C, Li Q, Du H, Kang W, Lian J, Yuan L. Lung ultrasound findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):174.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ciccarese F, Chiesa AM, Feletti F, Vizioli L, Pasquali M, Forti P, et al. The senile lung as a possible source of pitfalls on chest ultrasonography and computed tomography. Respiration. 2015;90(1):56–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feletti F, Mucci V, Aliverti A. Chest ultrasonography in modern day extreme settings: from military setting and natural disasters to space flights and extreme sports. Can Respir J. 2018;2018:8739704.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar