- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Development and validation of a rapid five-minute nucleic acid extraction method for respiratory viruses
Virology Journal volume 21, Article number: 189 (2024)
Abstract
Background
The rapid transmission and high pathogenicity of respiratory viruses significantly impact the health of both children and adults. Extracting and detecting their nucleic acid is crucial for disease prevention and treatment strategies. However, current extraction methods are laborious and time-consuming and show significant variations in nucleic acid content and purity among different kits, affecting detection sensitivity and efficiency. Our aim is to develop a novel method that reduces extraction time, simplifies operational steps, and ensures high-quality acquisition of respiratory viral nucleic acid.
Methods
We extracted respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) nucleic acid using reagents with different components and analyzed cycle threshold (Ct) values via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to optimize and validate the novel lysis and washing solution. The performance of this method was compared against magnetic bead, spin column, and precipitation methods for extracting nucleic acid from various respiratory viruses. The clinical utility of this method was confirmed by comparing it to the standard magnetic bead method for extracting clinical specimens of influenza A virus (IAV).
Results
The solution, composed of equal parts glycerin and ethanol (50% each), offers an innovative washing approach that achieved comparable efficacy to conventional methods in a single abbreviated cycle. When combined with our A Plus lysis solution, our novel five-minute nucleic acid extraction (FME) method for respiratory viruses yielded superior RNA concentrations and purity compared to traditional methods. FME, when used with a universal automatic nucleic acid extractor, demonstrated similar efficiency as various conventional methods in analyzing diverse concentrations of respiratory viruses. In detecting respiratory specimens from 525 patients suspected of IAV infection, the FME method showed an equivalent detection rate to the standard magnetic bead method, with a total coincidence rate of 95.43% and a kappa statistic of 0.901 (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The FME developed in this study enables the rapid and efficient extraction of nucleic acid from respiratory samples, laying a crucial foundation for the implementation of expedited molecular diagnosis.
Introduction
Acute respiratory virus infection is a prevalent human disease, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, with a high incidence during certain seasons [1, 2]. Common respiratory viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [3]. Among them, influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 have caused global pandemics, posing a serious threat to human health and social public safety [4, 5]. Currently, ongoing research and development for RSV and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are being conducted worldwide; however, achieving herd immunity will still be a prolonged process due to challenges such as low vaccination rates and virus mutations in low- and middle-income countries [6, 7].
The nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and its detection of specific DNA is a powerful tool widely employed in various fields, including disease diagnosis, gene functional analysis, and mutation screening. In diagnostic applications, NAAT-based analysis offers several advantages over traditional enzyme or antibody-based methods, including higher sensitivity, faster sample-to-result processing time, and greater flexibility in target detection selection, which enables rapid adaptation to various emerging challenges [8]. However, the major bottleneck preventing the rapid and large-scale implementation of molecular diagnostics is the separation and purification of nucleic acid from samples, which is a complex process that traditionally requires skilled technicians and involves numerous manual pipetting steps [9].
Isolating high-quality nucleic acid while preserving its purity and integrity is an essential prerequisite for downstream molecular applications, including quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), isothermal amplification technologies (IATs), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and microarrays [10,11,12,13]. Although there are several methods for nucleic acid isolation, they can be primarily categorized into three groups: liquid-phase extraction utilizing phenol and guanidine thiocyanate (GTC), solid-phase adsorption employing silica membrane spin columns, and superparamagnetic beads. The methods all follow a common sequence: first, cell lysis and inhibition of ribonuclease P (RNase P) activity with subsequent separation of nucleic acids from the lysed mixture; then, washing of the nucleic acids; and, ultimately, recovery of purified nucleic acids [14]. After phenol-based TRIzol reagent is used to extract nucleic acids, they undergo separation and purification through precipitation. This method is widely used for RNA extraction from tissues and cells; however, TRIzol requires a duration exceeding 70 min for extraction, the recovered RNA often suffers from contamination due to residual organic matter [15]. The spin column method is based on the binding of nucleic acids to a solid-phase silica carrier under a high salt concentration, followed by a series of washing and centrifugation steps to eliminate contaminants, and finally elution of the nucleic acids from the silica using a low-salt solution [16]. The spin column method involves numerous operational steps, with a duration of approximately 40–60 min, and requires multiple centrifugations during extraction, which increases the risk of nucleic acids breakage and degradation. The magnetic bead method employs paramagnetic beads coated with various functionalized surface chemicals to efficiently capture and purify nucleic acids. In addition, the magnetic beads are separated from the liquid during washing and elution steps by utilizing a magnet to attract the beads [17, 18]. The magnetic bead method only requires 25–30 min, but the recovery rate of nucleic acid in the eluent is relatively low, and the presence of residual magnetic beads also exerts an inhibitory effect on subsequent PCR [19]. The extraction process can be broadly divided into manual and automatic processes, with many DNA/RNA extraction kits designed for manual operation. However, with the increasing demand for high-throughput analysis, there is a growing popularity of kits specifically designed for automatic operation.
Given the instability of RNA and the ubiquitous presence of RNA enzymes, it is crucial to select an RNA assay kit that can simultaneously meet quality, purity, and integrity requirements while minimizing the time required. In this study, we have developed a rapid respiratory virus nucleic acid extraction method that can be completed within 5 min. The method not only ensures the quality of the extracted nucleic acid but also reduces processing time, thereby facilitating prompt and efficient downstream applications based on nucleic acid analysis.
Materials and methods
Cells, viruses, and clinical specimens
AD293 cells (from American Type Culture Collection) were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), 1% penicillin, and 1% streptomycin (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) at 37°C in an incubator with a 5% CO2 atmosphere. RSV (RSV-A2), ADV (ADV4), IAV (H1N1), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) were obtained from the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease. A pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 was purchased from Sansure Biotech Inc (Changsha, China). Frozen clinical specimens from 525 suspected IAV-infected patients were obtained from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. This project was approved by the biosafety committee, and all experiments were performed in accordance with biosafety regulations.
DNA and RNA extraction
We have developed a five-minute nucleic acid extraction (FME) reagent (China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) Certification Class I, No. 20230661). The reagents comprised a lysis solution containing GTC, sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (sodium citrate), sodium lauroyl sarcosine (sarkosyl), dithiothreitol (DTT), polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA); a washing solution consisting of a mixture of glycerin and ethanol (EtOH) in equal proportions; an elution solution composed of Tris–HCl (pH 8.0) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); and magnetic beads purchased from BayBio Bio-tech Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China). A total of 40 μL of magnetic beads and 500 μL of lysis solution were added to a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube, followed by the addition of 200-μL samples that were mixed by vortexing for 1 min, and subsequently all the supernatant was removed using a magnetic separator. The magnetic beads were washed with 300 μL of washing solution, vortexed for 1 min, and subjected to magnetic separation again. The supernatant was discarded. Then, 100 μL of elution solution was added, the mixture was incubated at 56°C for 1 min and magnetically separated, and all the supernatant containing the extracted nucleic acid was transferred. Alternatively, an automated nucleic acid extractor can be used by adding a 200-μL sample to a preloaded well plate containing reagents and placing it into an E-Five nucleic acid extractor (HuYanSuo Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China). The machine was operated according to the manufacturer’s instructions, with the entire process taking approximately 5 min. Upon completion of the extraction, 100 μL of eluent was stored at −80°C for further use.
To compare the efficiency of extraction, the same sample was extracted according to the manufacturer’s instructions for each commercial reagent kit while maintaining consistent loading and elution volumes. The extraction kits utilized in this study included the following: LemnisCare (LC) Viral DNA/RNA Extraction kit (LemnisCare Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China), referred to as LC; Magen Total DNA/RNA kit (Magen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China), referred to as Magen; Baypure Viral DNA/RNA Extraction kit (BayBio Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China), referred to as Baypure; HR Fast-Virus DNA/RNA kit (Huirui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China), referred to as HR; Viral Nucleic Acid Isolation kit (Jiangsu BioPerfectus Technologies Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China), referred to as BioPerfectus; TIANamp Virus DNA/RNA kit (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), referred to as TIANamp; ABT Nucleic Acid Extraction kit (Applied Biological Technologies Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), referred to as ABT; GIRM Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) Extraction kit (HuYanSuo Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China), referred to as GIRM; and TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), referred to as TRIzol.
Nucleic acid concentration and integrity
The concentration and purity of RNA from each kit were assessed by analyzing 1 μL of extracted nucleic acid using the NanoDrop One (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). A known concentration of plasmids was added to the FME to compare the amount of DNA recovered from the elution solutions while concurrently assessing the integrity of the DNA fragments through 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis.
Quantitative real-time PCR
The qRT-PCR experiment was conducted using a SLAN-96P real-time PCR detection system (Hongshi Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The RSV, ADV, IAV, and pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed with a respiratory syncytial virus Nucleic Acid Diagnostic kit (HuYanSuo Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China), human adenovirus Nucleic Acid Diagnostic kit (HuYanSuo Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China), SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/B Virus Nucleic Acid Diagnostic kit (Sansure Biotech Inc., Changsha, China), and 2019-nCoV Nucleic Acid Diagnostic kit (Sansure Biotech Inc., Changsha, China), respectively. The reaction system and procedures of the four commercially available test kits were followed according to the instructions. HSV-1 and HCoV-229E were detected using SYBR Green dye (Tsingke Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The nucleic acid of HCoV-229E required an additional reverse transcription step of 25°C for 5 min, activation at 50°C for 15 min, and 85°C for 2 min (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). The reaction system consisted of 10 μL of ArtiCanATMSYBR qPCR Mix (Tsingke Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), 1.5 μL of forward and reverse primers (Additional file 1: Table S1), and 7 μL of DNA template. The PCR cycling program was as follows: 95°C for 1 min; and 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 s, 60°C for 20 s, followed by melting curve analysis.
Clinical performance of the FME
Frozen respiratory tract specimens (pharyngeal swabs) were collected from suspected IAV-infected patients, and the FME and standard magnetic bead method (BioPerfectus) were used for nucleic acid extraction. Both extraction methods ensured consistent sample volumes of 200 μL and elution volumes of 100 μL. The SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A/B Virus Nucleic Acid Diagnostic kits (Sansure Biotech Inc., Changsha, China) were used for qRT-PCR detection, and specifically for the detection of IAV clinical specimens. Briefly, 20 μL of nucleic acid was added to a mixture containing 26 μL of a PCR buffer mixture (dNTPs, MgCl2, primer, and probe) and 4 μL of an enzyme mixture (reverse transcriptase and Taq polymerase). The PCR cycling program was as follows: 50°C for 4 min and 95°C for 30 s, followed by 45 cycles of 95°C for 2 s and 60°C for 20 s. The SLAN-96P system (Hongshi Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used for qRT-PCR. A VIC channel cycle threshold (Ct) value of ≤ 40 and a simultaneous Cy5 channel Ct value of ≤ 40 indicated positivity for IAV. If at least one of the two extraction methods yielded a positive result for IAV, the sample was classified as positive for IAV; otherwise, it was considered negative.
Quantitative analysis of proteins
Modified Bradford reagent (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used to quantify the protein content in the washing solution after a magnetic bead wash. In brief, the reagent was used to measure the OD595 of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with a range of known concentrations. A standard curve correlating the absorbance with protein concentration at 595 nm was constructed. Subsequently, the OD595 of the test sample was measured in the same manner to determine its protein concentration by referencing the standard curve.
Statistical analysis
SPSS Statistics 20 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to calculate the percentage of positive and negative agreements between the FME and standard magnetic bead methods, and Cohen’s kappa statistic was calculated [20]. Statistical graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was performed with Student’s t tests, and P < 0.05 (two tailed) was considered statistically significant. The data presented are representative of at least three independent experiments.
Results
The combination of glycerin and EtOH can efficiently purify nucleic acid
Nucleic acid extraction by the magnetic bead method involves three steps: lysis, washing, and elution (Fig. 1A). To develop a rapid and efficient method for nucleic acid extraction, we have explored a novel composition of lysate and washing solution with magnetic beads. First, the LC kit was selected as the control group due to its efficiency being comparable to that of other commercial kits for RSV and ADV extraction (Additional file 2: Figure S1), and a novel washing solution, glycerin, was substituted for the one in the LC kit to compare its washing efficacy to that of this LC washing buffer. Glycerin, a commonly employed protein stabilizer and storage buffer component, was identified as a viable washing solution for the purification of nucleic acid on magnetic beads in our study. As the glycerin concentration increased gradually from 20% to 80%, the extraction efficiency of RSV gradually improved, with no significant difference between 80% glycerin and the LC washing buffer (Fig. 1B). Considering the high viscosity of concentrated glycerin, we chose 50% glycerin and gradually increased the EtOH concentration on this basis. The results showed that compared with 50% glycerin, the higher the EtOH content, the better the extraction efficiency of RSV. When the proportion of EtOH reached 30%, its washing effect surpassed that of the LC washing buffer, reaching optimal performance when the EtOH concentration increased to 50% (Fig. 1C). Subsequently, we gradually increased the glycerin content while maintaining 50% EtOH and observed a corresponding gradual enhancement in extraction efficiency as the glycerin increased from 10% to 50% (Fig. 1D). This showed that the combination of 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH allowed glycerin and EtOH to effectively perform their respective washing functions and that the solution with this ratio possessed an optimal viscosity for facilitating the subsequent steps. Furthermore, it was surprising to observe that using 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH for one wash yielded better results than washing two or three times (Fig. 1E). This indicated that a single wash with 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH effectively eliminated the majority of impurities, while increasing the number of washes may result in the loss of nucleic acids. To further explore the efficacy of glycerin in removing impurities, we quantitatively measured the protein content of the novel washing solution after the washing process. The presence of 50% glycerin was found to exhibit a certain protein elution effect; however, as the proportion of EtOH gradually increased and reached 30%, the efficiency of the protein elution was significantly enhanced (Fig. 1F). The proportion of glycerin was gradually increased while maintaining 50% EtOH, but it was found that the washed protein content remained relatively stable (Fig. 1G), suggesting that while glycerin removed impurities, the primary ability to wash proteins was due to EtOH. Simultaneously, we also found that washing only once with 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH effectively eliminated the majority of protein impurities, while subsequent rounds of washing yielded less protein removal.
The effect of A Plus lysis solution
In addition to the washing solution, we also developed a novel lysis solution termed A Plus (AP). When using AP or other commercial lysis buffers combined with 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH to extract high-concentration RSV, the lysis effect of AP was essentially comparable or even slightly superior to that of other brands of lysis buffer (Fig. 2A), indicating the superior effectiveness of AP compared to the lysate in other commercially available kits. To investigate the key components involved in AP lysis, we used AP that lacked individual components to re-extract RSV. The results indicate that, compared with the intact AP, the reduction of each component in the AP lysis solution led to a decrease in extraction efficiency, among which the most significant impact was caused by reducing GTC or IPA (Fig. 2B), indicating that the reduction of any constituent of the AP lysis solution adversely affects the final extraction effect, with the absence of GTC and IPA having the most pronounced impact. This suggested that GTC and IPA play a pivotal role in the lysis effect of AP solution. If a lysis solution is not thoroughly washed during the extraction process, it may have a significant impact on subsequent experiments, such as PCR amplification. Therefore, we also investigated whether adding various components of AP to the elution solution affected qRT-PCR performance. We found that the amplification of qRT-PCR was completely inhibited after the direct addition of AP lysis solution or GTC, and sarkosyl also had a significant inhibitory effect (P < 0.01). Although the degree of inhibition was not obvious with sodium citrate, it decreased the fluorescence normalized reporter (Rn) value of qRT-PCR (Additional file 3: Figure S2A and S2B). Further research showed that the inhibitory effect of sodium citrate, sarkosyl, and GTC on qRT-PCR disappeared when their concentration in the elution solution was reduced to 1.25, 1, and 0.1 mM, respectively (Additional file 3: Figure S2C–S2H). This implied that while sodium citrate, sarkosyl, and GTC are the primary components in the lysis process, they must be removed during the washing stage to ensure that their concentration in the elution solution remains below inhibitory levels.
Extraction effect of the FME
We used AP lysis solution, washing solution (50% glycerin and 50% EtOH), magnetic beads, and an elution solution separately and sequentially to form the FME. The concentration and purity of RNA are two important criteria for any RNA extraction process. We found that the concentration of RNA obtained after applying the FME method to AD293 cells was higher than that of other traditional methods, and the purity (260/280 ratio) remained between 1.9 and 2.0 (Table 1). Recovery and integrity are metrics used to evaluate the effectiveness of nucleic acid extraction systems. To evaluate the extraction efficiency of the FME on DNA, we added known amounts of DNA to AP and compared it with the amount of DNA in the elution after extraction. The results showed that there was a strong linear correlation between the amounts of DNA added to the FME and the amounts of DNA recovered from the system (Fig. 3A) and that complete nucleic acid fragments were obtained through extraction using the FME (Fig. 3B). Subsequently, we also conducted a comparative analysis of the RSV extraction efficiency using the FME and several commercially available kits, including magnetic bead (Magen and LC), spin column (ABT and TIANamp), and precipitation methods (GIRM and TRIzol). The results showed that both the FME and GIRM precipitation methods yielded the highest RSV nucleic acid concentrations, with FME demonstrating a shorter processing time, and the FME was superior to the magnetic bead method and spin column method reagents used as a comparison (Fig. 3C). This suggested that the FME could obtain a high RNA concentration from viral samples in a short period of time.
Automation and performance evaluation of the FME
Automation and high throughput are two of the biggest advantages of the magnetic bead method [21]. Considering the differences in RNA yield between manual and automatic extraction, we paired the FME with an automatic nucleic acid extraction instrument and implemented specific procedures to achieve a 5-minute extraction (Additional file 1: Table S2) and then compared the differences between the manual and automatic FME. As a result, it was observed that there was no significant difference in the efficacy of the manual or automatic FME when using fivefold diluted RSV samples sequentially (Fig. 3D and E), and the regression curves obtained from both approaches exhibited a high degree of overlap (Fig. 3F). This showed that after using a specific program, the FME could be adapted to currently available instruments and consumables, achieving high-quality automatic nucleic acid extraction within 5 min.
To confirm the ability of automatic FME to extract actual samples, we selected several respiratory viruses commonly used in laboratories and compared the FME method with a representative magnetic bead method (LC), spin column method (TIANamp), and precipitation method (GIRM). The results showed that both the FME and the precipitation method exhibited the most effective extraction of samples with high, medium, and low concentrations of RSV, and the FME was superior to the spin column method and magnetic bead method (Fig. 4A). When extracting ADV, the traditional precipitation method was confirmed to be the most effective, followed by the FME and spin column, although the FME still outperformed the magnetic bead method at all concentrations (Fig. 4B). For IAV extraction, except for a slightly better performance of the precipitation method at the highest concentration compared with the FME, both the FME and precipitation method displayed optimal effects at all concentrations, surpassing other techniques (Fig. 4C). Regarding HSV-1 extraction, no significant difference was observed among the FME, precipitation, and spin column methods; however, all three were marginally more effective than the magnetic bead method (Fig. 4D). For high-concentration pseudovirus in a SARS-CoV-2 extraction, the precipitation method was the best, followed by the FME and spin column methods, while the magnetic bead method was the least effective. At a medium concentration, there was no significant difference among the FME, precipitation, and spin column methods, and all were superior to the magnetic bead method. At a low concentration, there was no significant difference among the four methods (Fig. 4E). In terms of high, medium, and low concentrations of HCoV-229E sample extractions, the FME exhibited the highest extraction effect, followed by the precipitation, magnetic bead, and spin column methods (Fig. 4F). This showed that FME achieved a superior or second-best outcome compared with commonly used nucleic acid extraction kits available on the market, regardless of whether the process involved extracting DNA or RNA viruses, or enveloped or non-enveloped viruses.
Clinical performance of the FME
Frozen clinical specimens from 525 suspected IAV-infected patients were simultaneously extracted using both the standard magnetic bead method and the FME. The Ct values obtained by the standard magnetic bead method and FME were compared to evaluate the clinical performance of the FME. The detection performance of the FME for IAV, compared with that of the standard magnetic bead method, was as follows: sensitivity, 97.00% (323/333); specificity, 92.71% (178/192); positive predictive value, 95.85% (323/337); negative predictive value, 94.68% (178/188); and total coincidence rate (323+178)/525 = 95.43% (Table 2). The consistency between the two methods was good, with a Kappa statistic of 0.901 (P < 0.001). In addition, we analyzed the Ct value distribution of the clinical specimens. The average Ct values of IAV extracted by the standard magnetic bead method and FME were 31.49 and 31.16, respectively. There was no significant difference in the Ct value distribution between the two extraction methods. However, the Ct values obtained through the FME were broader in the upper and lower quartiles than those obtained by the magnetic bead method (Fig. 5A). Further analysis was conducted on specimens with Ct values > 35 to evaluate the limit of detection (LoD) of the FME assay in actual clinical samples. It was found that there was no significant difference in the Ct distribution between the FME and standard magnetic bead method in low-concentration specimens (Fig. 5B).
We noticed that a total of 24 specimens had inconsistent results after being extracted using the FME and standard magnetic bead method. Among them, 14 cases were positive for FME detection and negative for standard magnetic bead method detection; 10 cases were negative for FME detection (including one case with a Ct value > 40, which was judged to be negative due to the interpretation criteria) and positive for standard magnetic bead method detection (Additional file 1: Table S3). All these inconsistent results had Ct values > 35, and 21 had Ct values > 37. Clearly, these specimens were borderline positive results. In addition to the difference in extraction efficiency, the detection performance of the qRT-PCR instrument on the LoD also affects the detection rate of the results. Overall, the effect of the FME on clinical specimen extraction was comparable to that of the standard magnetic bead method.
Discussion
In recent years, the field of pathogen detection technology has witnessed an unprecedented pace of development. Compared with lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (LFIAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs), and other technologies, NAAT-based detection methods exhibit superior sensitivity, specificity, and speed of detection [22,23,24]. Among all NAATs, qRT-PCR is the most widely used and has emerged as the preferred method for detecting human pathogens [25, 26]. However, a major choke point of qRT-PCR diagnosis is that it relies on the extraction and purification of nucleic acids from samples, which is crucial for achieving optimal sensitivity, but also a relatively time-consuming and laborious process [27, 28]. It has been reported that extraction-free methods can serve as an alternative procedure, alleviating the supply bottleneck of extraction reagents [29]. However, these strategies are incapable of eliminating PCR inhibitors in the specimen, leading to a significant reduction in sensitivity when processing samples with low viral loads [30, 31]. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel technology capable of rapidly extracting high-quality nucleic acid.
Glycerin functions as a humectant, solvent, plasticizer, adhesive, and binding agent. Despite its extensive utilization in the fields of food, cosmetics, medicine, and chemical synthesis, glycerin has not yet been employed as the primary raw material in nucleic acid purification reagents [32]. In this study, we demonstrated that glycerin, which is miscible with water in any proportion, can purify nucleic acids, and the higher the concentration of glycerin, the better the purification effect (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, after adding a certain proportion of EtOH to 50% glycerin, the effect of washing with 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH for a short duration was superior to that of thoroughly washing by the conventional magnetic bead method three times (Fig. 1C). However, we found that the elution of miscellaneous proteins using 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH primarily relied on the presence of EtOH (Fig. 1F and G); the specific role of glycerin in nucleic acid purification remains to be investigated.
To release nucleic acids from the sample, physical, chemical, or enzymatic methods are usually used to lyse samples [9]. In clinical laboratories, nucleic acid lysis commonly involves mixing the sample with a chemical lysis solution, subjecting it to high-temperature heating, and supplementing with proteinase K [21, 33]. In this study, we developed a chemical-based lysis solution AP, which exhibited a superior lysis effect compared with the majority of commercially available lysis reagents when combined with 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH for nucleic acid extraction (Fig. 2A). The FME, composed of AP, 50% glycerin and 50% EtOH, exhibited superior efficacy in RSV extraction compared with conventional methods (Fig. 3C). Moreover, the extracted RNA from AD293 cells demonstrated above-average levels of concentration and purity (Table 1). It is worth pointing out that commercially available kits have been modified to ensure consistent sample loading and elution volumes with FME, thus the above results may not have necessarily reflected the optimal efficiency of these kits; however, these findings highlight the advantages of FME in terms of speed and performance. We also explored the inhibition of the PCR reaction when there was residual AP lysis solution during elution when the concentration of each AP component reached a certain threshold. After the concentrations of GTC, sodium citrate, and sarkosyl reached a level that inhibited PCR amplification, an exponential increase in the Ct values resulted (Additional file 3: Figure S2). Subsequently, by diluting the FME elution solution 10-fold, we observed a sequential increase of approximately 3.4 in the detected Ct values (Additional file 4: Figure S3), indicating the absence of inhibitory residues within the elution. Although concentration and purity are important parameters for evaluating the quality of nucleic acid extraction, the ultimate indicator lies in its functionality in downstream applications [34].
Compared with other nucleic acid extraction techniques, the magnetic bead method offers several advantages, including unrestricted sample volumes, easy removal from sample suspensions, and suitability for large-scale automated operations. Moreover, various types of magnetic particles can be utilized for the separation and purification of DNA, RNA, and plasmid DNA [35, 36]. We equipped the FME with a small automatic nucleic acid extractor to automate the FME in the same manner as the manual operation in terms of extraction time, quality, and stability (Fig. 3F). We observed that the FME demonstrated superior or comparable efficacy in extracting respiratory viruses compared with magnetic bead, spin column, and precipitation methods (Fig. 4). We hypothesized that the disparity in extraction efficiency among different viruses was associated with the presence of a specific secondary structure and envelope. It should be noted that, in terms of time requirements, the magnetic bead method, when automated, required approximately 25–30 min, while both the spin column method and precipitation method, being manual processes, necessitated close to 1 h. Furthermore, both the spin column and precipitation methods require manual operations, which places high demands on the skills and proficiency of the operators. By contrast, the automatic FME not only extracted high-quality nucleic acid but also required less time with no technical requirements for personnel. In addition, our research showed that the FME had excellent clinical performance when analyzing specimens from individuals suspected to have IAV infection. The distribution of Ct values detected by FME in 525 clinical specimens was similar to that observed using the standard magnetic bead method (Fig. 5A), and there was no significant difference between the two methods in the analysis of low-concentration specimens close to the LoD (Fig. 5B), although FME identified more positive cases (Additional file 1: Table S3). In spite of this, it is essential to observe that the aforementioned clinical specimens refer to pharyngeal swabs, and other samples such as sputum, stool, and blood cannot be directly processed using the FME method. In the case of sputum and stool, pre-treatment is required prior to extraction, which typically takes a minimum of 30 min [37, 38]. Additionally, whole blood and plasma samples are highly viscous, and therefore require additional time for lysis, washing and magnetic bead magnetization. Consequently, when extracting viruses from complex samples, FME is not able to produce high-quality nucleic acid within 5 min. Collectively, these findings highlight the promising clinical applicability of FME for analyzing non-complex samples.
Recently, numerous innovative techniques for nucleic acid extraction have been reported, including the use of cellulose-based membranes to extract nucleic acid without the requirement of a separate elution step, enabling direct amplification from the membrane [39]. A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based nucleic acid extraction system achieved a fully enclosed sample extraction process that seamlessly integrated with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) [40]. Using an integrated microfluidic system, the process of sample extraction, enrichment, and detection was completed within a small chip [41]. Although these novel methodologies exhibited rapidity and compactness, their applicability remained confined to specific scenarios. To achieve widespread adoption in scientific research and clinical testing, challenges pertaining to automation, cost-effectiveness, and processing of intricate samples still need to be addressed. The results of qRT-PCR detection depend on a number of factors, including the specimen type, the timing of collection, the quality and quantity of viral RNA, the primer and probe design for viral RNA targets, the reagents and instruments used for detection, as well as the signals and cut-off values employed for result interpretation [42, 43]. Among them, obtaining high-quality nucleic acid is fundamental for accurate detection. However, when changing the RNA extraction kits from one type to other, particularly those based on different chemical components, the reliability of both the quantity and quality of extracted nucleic acid becomes uncertain [44, 45]. How to detect viruses with high Ct values and low loads stably, while avoiding false negatives, remains a challenging problem.
Conclusion
In summary, this study demonstrates that glycerin served as an effective washing solution for nucleic acid purification and presented a novel nucleic acid extraction technology based on glycerin with a remarkable processing time of only 5 min. The developed technology exhibited notable features, including rapidity, cost-effectiveness, automation, and high-quality yields of extracted nucleic acids. Consequently, this study significantly contributes to the reduction of sample pre-processing time in NAATs and lays a foundation for the realization of rapid molecular diagnosis.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.
Abbreviations
- RSV:
-
Respiratory syncytial virus
- ADV:
-
Adenovirus
- SARS-CoV-2:
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- IAV:
-
Influenza A virus
- NAAT:
-
Nucleic acid amplification test
- qRT-PCR:
-
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- IATs:
-
Isothermal amplification technologies
- NGS:
-
Next-generation sequencing
- GTC:
-
Guanidine thiocyanate
- RNase P:
-
Ribonuclease P
- DMEM:
-
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- HSV-1:
-
Herpes simplex virus 1
- HCoV-229E:
-
Human coronavirus 229E
- FME:
-
Five-minute nucleic acid extraction
- CFDA:
-
China Food and Drug Administration
- Sodium citrate:
-
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate
- Sarkosyl:
-
Sodium lauroyl-sarcosine
- DTT:
-
Dithiothreitol
- PEG 6000:
-
Polyethylene glycol 6000
- IPA:
-
Isopropyl alcohol
- EtOH:
-
Ethanol
- EDTA:
-
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- LC:
-
LemnisCare
- Ct:
-
Cycle threshold
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- AP:
-
A Plus lysis solution
- Rn:
-
Normalized reporter
- LoD:
-
Limit of detection
- LFIAs:
-
Lateral flow immunochromatographic assays
- ELISAs:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
- PRNTs:
-
Plaque reduction neutralization tests
- PTFE:
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene
- ddPCR:
-
Droplet digital PCR
- DEPC:
-
Diethyl pyrocarbonate
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
References
Olofsson S, Brittain-Long R, Andersson LM, Westin J, Lindh M. PCR for detection of respiratory viruses: seasonal variations of virus infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9(8):615–26.
Kikkert M. Innate immune evasion by human respiratory RNA viruses. J Innate Immun. 2020;12(1):4–20.
Mahony JB. Nucleic acid amplification-based diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Exp Rev Anti-infect Ther. 2010;8(11):1273–92.
Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(1):15–22.
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–3.
Ma S, Lavelle TA, Ollendorf DA, Lin P-J. Herd immunity effects in cost-effectiveness analyses among low- and middle-income countries. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2022;20(3):395–404.
Lucero-Prisno DE, Shomuyiwa DO, Vicente CR, Méndez MJG, Qaderi S, Lopez JC, et al. Achieving herd immunity in South America. Global Health Res Policy. 2023;8(1):2.
Tali SHS, LeBlanc JJ, Sadiq Z, Oyewunmi OD, Camargo C, Nikpour B, et al. Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)COVID-19 Detection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021;34(3):e00228-20.
Tan SC, Yiap BC. DNA, RNA, and protein extraction: the past and the present. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2009;2009:574398.
LeBlanc JJ, Gubbay JB, Li Y, Needle R, Arneson SR, Marcino D, et al. Real-time PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in Canadian laboratories. J Clin Virol. 2020;128:104433.
Carter DJ, Cary RB. Lateral flow microarrays: a novel platform for rapid nucleic acid detection based on miniaturized lateral flow chromatography. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(10):e74.
James AS, Alawneh JI. COVID-19 Infection Diagnosis: Potential Impact of Isothermal Amplification Technology to Reduce Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(6):399.
Hess JF, Kohl TA, Kotrová M, Rönsch K, Paprotka T, Mohr V, et al. Library preparation for next generation sequencing: a review of automation strategies. Biotechnol Adv. 2020;41:107537.
Ali N, Rampazzo RdCP, Costa ADT, Krieger MA. Current nucleic acid extraction methods and their implications to point-of-care diagnostics. BioMed Res Int. 2017;2017:9306564.
Alabi T, Patel SB, Bhatia S, Wolfson JA, Singh P. Isolation of DNA-free RNA from human bone marrow mononuclear cells: comparison of laboratory methods. Biotechniques. 2020;68(3):159–62.
Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Dillen PMW-V, Noordaa JVD. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(3):495-503.
Hawkins TL, O’Connor-Morin T, Roy A, Santillan C. DNA purification and isolation using a solid-phase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(21):4543–4.
Yoza B, Matsumoto M, Matsunaga T. DNA extraction using modified bacterial magnetic particles in the presence of amino silane compound. J Biotechnol. 2002;94(3):217–24.
Li P, Li M, Yue D, Chen H. Solid-phase extraction methods for nucleic acid separation. A review. J Sep Sci. 2021;45(1):172–84.
Viera AJ, Garrett JM. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med. 2005;37(5):360–3.
Sabat J, Subhadra S, Rath S, Ho LM, Kanungo S, Panda S, et al. Yielding quality viral RNA by using two different chemistries: a comparative performance study. Biotechniques. 2021;71(4):510–5.
Okba NMA, Müller MA, Li W, Wang C, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Corman VM, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7):1478–88.
Li Z, Yi Y, Luo X, Xiong N, Liu Y, Li S, et al. Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1518–24.
Manenti A, Maggetti M, Casa E, Martinuzzi D, Torelli A, Trombetta CM, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies using a CPE-based colorimetric live virus micro-neutralization assay in human serum samples. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):2096–104.
D’Cruz RJ, Currier AW, Sampson VB. Laboratory testing methods for novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:468.
Carter LJ, Garner LV, Smoot JW, Li Y, Zhou Q, Saveson CJ, et al. Assay techniques and test development for COVID-19 diagnosis. ACS Cent Sci. 2020;6(5):591–605.
Rahman MM, Elaissari A. Nucleic acid sample preparation for in vitro molecular diagnosis_from conventional. Drug Discov Today. 2012;17(21–22):1199–207.
Thatcher SA. DNA/RNA preparation for molecular detection. Clin Chem. 2015;61(1):89–99.
Smyrlaki I, Ekman M, Lentini A, Rufino de Sousa N, Papanicolaou N, Vondracek M, et al. Massive and rapid COVID-19 testing is feasible by extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4812.
Bruce EA, Huang ML, Perchetti GA, Tighe S, Laaguiby P, Hoffman JJ, et al. Direct RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from patient nasopharyngeal swabs without an RNA extraction step. PLoS Biol. 2020;18(10):e3000896.
Lübke N, Senff T, Scherger S, Hauka S, Andrée M, Adams O, et al. Extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 detection by rapid RT-qPCR universal for all primary respiratory materials. J Clin Virol. 2020;130:104579.
Becker LC, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, et al. Safety Assessment of Glycerin as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2019;38(3_suppl):6S-22S.
Beall SG, Cantera J, Diaz MH, Winchell JM, Lillis L, White H, et al. Performance and workflow assessment of six nucleic acid extraction technologies for use in resource limited settings. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215753.
Jeffries MKS, Kiss AJ, Smith AW, Oris JT. A comparison of commercially-available automated and manual extraction kits for the isolation of total RNA from small tissue samples. BMC Biotechnol. 2014;14:94.
Chiang C-L, Sung C-S, Wu T-F, Chen C-Y, Hsu C-Y. Application of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in purification of plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005;822(1–2):54–60.
Berensmeier S. Magnetic particles for the separation and purification of nucleic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;73(3):495–504.
Peng J, Lu Y, Song J, Vallance BA, Jacobson K, Yu HB, et al. Direct Clinical Evidence Recommending the Use of Proteinase K or Dithiothreitol to Pretreat Sputum for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Front Med. 2020;7.
Harrington C, Sun H, Jeffries-Miles S, Gerloff N, Mandelbaum M, Pang H, et al. Culture-Independent Detection of Poliovirus in Stool Samples by Direct RNA Extraction. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(3):e0066821.
Zou Y, Mason MG, Wang Y, Wee E, Turni C, Blackall PJ, et al. Nucleic acid purification from plants, animals and microbes in under 30 seconds. PLoS Biol. 2017;15(11):e2003916.
Yin J, Hu J, Sun J, Wang B, Mu Y. A fast nucleic acid extraction system for point-of-care and integration of digital PCR. Analyst. 2019;144(23):7032–40.
Ohlsson P, Evander M, Petersson K, Mellhammar L, Lehmusvuori A, Karhunen U, et al. Integrated acoustic separation, enrichment, and microchip polymerase chain reaction detection of bacteria from blood for rapid sepsis diagnostics. Anal Chem. 2016;88(19):9403–11.
Rahbari R, Moradi N, Abdi M. rRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: Analytical considerations. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;516:1–7.
Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN, Malekjahani A, Osborne M, Li VYC, et al. Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano. 2020;14(4):3822–35.
Ambrosi C, Prezioso C, Checconi P, Scribano D, Sarshar M, Capannari M, et al. SARS-CoV-2: Comparative analysis of different RNA extraction methods. J Virol Methods. 2021;287:114008.
Vallejo L, MartÃnez-RodrÃguez M, Nieto-Bazán MJ, Delgado-Iribarren A, Culebras E. Comparative study of different SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic techniques. J Virol Methods. 2021;298:114281.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the staff members of the molecular diagnostic PCR team for their support and valuable discussion.
Funding
This work was supported by the Research and Development Project in the Key Areas of Guangdong Province (2022B1111020003) and the Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory (EKPG21-13). The funders had no input into the study design, data collection, or interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
YW: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing–original draft. YYH: investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing–original draft. YQP: investigation, data curation, validation. QLC: investigation, data curation. WKL: methodology, investigation, resources, validation. ZCZ: methodology, resources. GXX: investigation, data curation. LL: methodology, funding acquisition, resources, supervision, writing–reviewing and editing. RZ: conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, writing–reviewing and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (No. 2020-77). All enrolled patients obtained written informed consent from their guardians.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
12985_2024_2381_MOESM2_ESM.tif
Additional file 2: Figure S1. The LC exhibits an extraction efficiency similar to the magnetic bead method. A and B RSV and ADV nucleic acid were extracted using LC, Baypure, and HR magnetic bead extraction kits, and qRT-PCR Ct values were used to assess the efficiency of each method for extracting nucleic acid. A: Effect of RSV nucleic acid extraction. B: Effect of ADV nucleic acid extraction. Data are presented as means± SD for three independent biological replicates. Statistical significance was calculated using t tests; ns P > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
12985_2024_2381_MOESM3_ESM.tif
Additional file 3: Figure S2. Effect of residual AP lysis solution on PCR amplification. RSV nucleic acid was extracted at a high concentration by the FME. A and B In the RSV reaction system, 4 μL of RSV nucleic acid was added, along with an additional 1 μL each of DEPC H2O, 25 mM sodium citrate, 20 mM sarkosyl, 2.5% PEG 6000, 1 M DTT, and 4 M GTC, IPA, or AP lysis solution. qRT-PCR Ct values were used to assess the effect of the residual AP lysis solution components on amplification. C and D 4 μL of RSV nucleic acid was added, followed by an additional 1 μL of sodium citrate diluted in a twofold gradient. Ct values were used to assess the effect of residual sodium citrate on PCR amplification. E and F 4 μL of RSV nucleic acid was added, followed by an additional 1 μL of sarkosyl diluted in a twofold gradient. Ct values were used to assess the effect of residual sarkosyl on PCR amplification. G and H 4 μL of RSV nucleic acid was added, followed by an additional 1 μL of GTC in a twofold gradient. Ct values were used to assess the effect of GTC on PCR amplification. Solid lines indicate the median, and dashed lines indicate the detection limit. Data are presented as means ± SD for three or four independent biological replicates.
12985_2024_2381_MOESM4_ESM.tif
Additional file 4: Figure S3. The Ct values of the eluted nucleic acid were determined following a 10-fold gradient dilution. High concentrations of RSV were extracted by the FME, and the nucleic acid in the elution was sequentially diluted using a 10-fold gradient with DEPC H2O. The Ct values were determined by qRT-PCR for each dilution gradient, with each measurement repeated three times. A Amplification curve. B Linear regression curve, R2= 0.9993.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Peng, Y. et al. Development and validation of a rapid five-minute nucleic acid extraction method for respiratory viruses. Virol J 21, 189 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-024-02381-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-024-02381-3