Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). Statpearls [internet]. 2022.
Farzi R, Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Azadi A, Shamekh A, Hemmat N, et al. The role of antigen-presenting cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Pathol - Res Pract. 2022;233:153848.
CAS
Google Scholar
Sorkhabi AD, Sarkesh A, Sorkhabi AD, Entezari-Maleki T, Rashedi J, Baghi HB. Vitamin supplementation as a potential adjunctive therapeutic approach for COVID-19: biological and clinical plausibility. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2022;33(1):55–77.
Google Scholar
Aghbash PS, Hemmat N, Nahand JS, Shamekh A, Memar MY, Babaei A, et al. The role of Th17 cells in viral infections. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;91:107331.
CAS
Google Scholar
Sarkesh A, Daei Sorkhabi A, Sheykhsaran E, Alinezhad F, Mohammadzadeh N, Hemmat N, et al. Extrapulmonary Clinical Manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(5):1783–96.
CAS
Google Scholar
Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Shirvaliloo M, Baghi HB. Viral coinfections in COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(9):5310–22.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lugli G, Ottaviani MM, Botta A, Ascione G, Bruschi A, Cagnazzo F, et al. The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on Healthcare Provision in Italy to non-COVID patients: a systematic review. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2022;14(1):e2022012.
Google Scholar
Yang K, Wen G, Wang J, Zhou S, Da W, Meng Y, et al. Complication and sequelae of COVID-19: what should we pay attention to in the post-epidemic era. Front Immunol. 2021;12:711741.
CAS
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Sawalha AH, Lu Q. COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):155–62.
Google Scholar
Li J, Liu HH, Yin XD, Li CC, Wang J. COVID-19 illness and autoimmune diseases: recent insights. Inflamm Res. 2021;70(4):407–28.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lagadinou M, Zareifopoulos N, Karela A, Kyriakopoulou O, Velissaris D. Are patients with autoimmune disease at Greater Risk of developing severe COVID-19? J Clin Med Res. 2020;12(8):539–41.
CAS
Google Scholar
Carducci C, Rapini N, Deodati A, Pampanini V, Cianfarani S, Schiaffini R. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in parents of children with type 1 diabetes during Covid-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47(1):176.
CAS
Google Scholar
Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels AW. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2014;383(9911):69–82.
Google Scholar
Boddu SK, Aurangabadkar G, Kuchay MS. New onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):2211–7.
Google Scholar
Haller MJ, Jacobsen LM, Posgai AL, Schatz DA. How do we move type 1 diabetes immunotherapies Forward during the current COVID-19 pandemic? Diabetes. 2021;70(5):1021–8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Shi Q, Zhang X, Jiang F, Zhang X, Hu N, Bimu C, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Wuhan, China: a Two-Center, Retrospective Study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(7):1382–91.
CAS
Google Scholar
Pitocco D, Tartaglione L, Viti L, Di Leo M, Manto A, Caputo S, et al. Lack of type 1 diabetes involvement in SARS-COV-2 population: only a particular coincidence? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;164:108220.
CAS
Google Scholar
Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zuo X, Zhang H, Deng A. COVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(10):1935–41.
CAS
Google Scholar
Verma A, Rajput R, Verma S, Balania VKB, Jangra B. Impact of lockdown in COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):1213–6.
Google Scholar
Nwosu BU, Al-Halbouni L, Parajuli S, Jasmin G, Zitek-Morrison E, Barton BA. COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric type 1 diabetes: no significant change in glycemic control during the pandemic lockdown of 2020. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:918.
Google Scholar
Minuto N, Bassi M, Montobbio C, Vinci F, Mercuri C, Perri FN, et al. The effect of lockdown and physical activity on glycemic control in Italian children and young patients with type 1 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:690222.
Google Scholar
Paengsai N, Jourdain G, Salvadori N, Tantraworasin A, Mary JY, Cressey TR, et al. Recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens and risk of diabetes Mellitus in HIV-Infected adults in resource-limited settings. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(10):ofz298.
Google Scholar
Shaikh MF, Jordan N, D’Cruz DP. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Med (Lond). 2017;17(1):78–83.
Google Scholar
Ramirez GA, Gerosa M, Beretta L, Bellocchi C, Argolini LM, Moroni L, et al. COVID-19 in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from a survey on 417 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(5):1150–7.
CAS
Google Scholar
Akiyama S, Hamdeh S, Micic D, Sakuraba A. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(3):384.
CAS
Google Scholar
Schioppo T, Argolini LM, Sciascia S, Pregnolato F, Tamborini F, Miraglia P, et al. Clinical and peculiar immunological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):1928–35.
CAS
Google Scholar
Peach E, Rutter M, Lanyon P, Grainge MJ, Hubbard R, Aston J, et al. Risk of death among people with rare autoimmune diseases compared with the general population in England during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(4):1902–9.
CAS
Google Scholar
Sloan M, Gordon C, Lever E, Harwood R, Bosley MA, Pilling M, et al. COVID-19 and shielding: experiences of UK patients with lupus and related diseases. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2021;5(1):rkaa072.
Google Scholar
Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Shamekh A, Entezari-Maleki T, Baghi HB. SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 axis. Life Sci. 2021;270:119124.
CAS
Google Scholar
Eslami N, Aghbash PS, Shamekh A, Entezari-Maleki T, Nahand JS, Sales AJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2: receptor and co-receptor Tropism Probability. Curr Microbiol. 2022;79(5):133.
CAS
Google Scholar
Sawalha AH, Zhao M, Coit P, Lu Q. Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients. Clin Immunol. 2020;215:108410.
CAS
Google Scholar
Brito-Zerón P, Sisó-Almirall A, Flores-Chavez A, Retamozo S, Ramos-Casals M. SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39(3):676–87.
Google Scholar
Ahmed S, Zimba O, Gasparyan AY. COVID-19 and the clinical course of rheumatic manifestations. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(7):2611–9.
Google Scholar
Raghavan S, Gonakoti S, Asemota IR, Mba B. A case of systemic Lupus Erythematosus Flare triggered by severe coronavirus Disease 2019. J Clin Rheumatol. 2020;26(6):234–5.
Google Scholar
González-Rangel J, Pérez-Muñoz B, Casillas-Santos D, Barrera-Vargas A, Vázquez-Cardenas P, Escamilla-Santiago R, et al. Mental health in patients with rheumatic diseases related to COVID-19 pandemic: experience in a tertiary care center in Latin America. Lupus. 2021;30(12):1879–87.
Google Scholar
Nissen CB, Sciascia S, de Andrade D, Atsumi T, Bruce IN, Cron RQ, et al. The role of antirheumatics in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3(6):e447–e59.
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Ruiz R, Paredes JL, Niewold TB. COVID-19 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: lessons learned from the inflammatory disease. Transl Res. 2021;232:13–36.
CAS
Google Scholar
George MD, Venkatachalam S, Banerjee S, Baker JF, Merkel PA, Gavigan K, et al. Concerns, Healthcare Use, and treatment interruptions in patients with Common Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Rheumatol. 2021;48(4):603–7.
Google Scholar
Mycko MP. B cell targeting therapies in MS patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: When immunosuppression meets infection? Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2020;54(6):490–501.
Google Scholar
Tafti D, Ehsan M, Xixis KL. Multiple sclerosis. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
Zheng C, Kar I, Chen CK, Sau C, Woodson S, Serra A, et al. Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapy and the COVID-19 pandemic: implications on the risk of infection and future vaccination. CNS Drugs. 2020;34(9):879–96.
CAS
Google Scholar
Alnajashi H, Jabbad R. Behavioral practices of patients with multiple sclerosis during Covid-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10):e0241103.
CAS
Google Scholar
Rostami Mansoor S, Ghasemi-Kasman M. Impact of disease-modifying drugs on the severity of COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1314–9.
CAS
Google Scholar
Richter D, Faissner S, Bartig D, Tönges L, Hellwig K, Ayzenberg I, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitalizations and plasmapheresis therapy in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a nationwide analysis from Germany. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021;14:17562864211030656.
CAS
Google Scholar
Hamdy SM, Abdel-Naseer M, Shehata HS, Hassan A, Elmazny A, Shalaby NM, et al. Managing disease-modifying therapies and breakthrough activity in multiple sclerosis patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: toward an Optimized Approach. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2020;16:651–62.
CAS
Google Scholar
Barzegar M, Mirmosayyeb O, Gajarzadeh M, Afshari-Safavi A, Nehzat N, Vaheb S et al. COVID-19 Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(4).
Chauhan K, Jandu JS, Goyal A, Bansal P, Al-Dhahir MA. Rheumatoid arthritis. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021.
Kłodziński Ł, Wisłowska M. Comorbidities in rheumatic arthritis. Reumatologia. 2018;56(4):228–33.
Google Scholar
Bhatia A, Kc M, Gupta L. Increased risk of mental health disorders in patients with RA during the COVID-19 pandemic: a possible surge and solutions. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(5):843–50.
CAS
Google Scholar
Ji J, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Yin R, Fu T, Li L, et al. Functional disability associated with disease and quality-of-life parameters in chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):89.
Google Scholar
Freites Nuñez DD, Leon L, Mucientes A, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Font Urgelles J, Madrid García A, et al. Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(11):1393–9.
Google Scholar
Favalli EG, Ingegnoli F, De Lucia O, Cincinelli G, Cimaz R, Caporali R. COVID-19 infection and rheumatoid arthritis: Faraway, so close!Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020;19(5).
Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bijlsma JWJ, Burmester GR, Dougados M, Kerschbaumer A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(6):685.
CAS
Google Scholar
Nuño L, Novella Navarro M, Bonilla G, Franco-Gómez K, Aguado P, Peiteado D, et al. Clinical course, severity and mortality in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 with rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(12):1659–61.
Google Scholar
Moiseev S, Avdeev S, Brovko M, Yavorovskiy A, Novikov PI, Umbetova K et al. Rheumatic diseases in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19. Ann Rheumatic Dis. 2021;80(2).
Monti S, Balduzzi S, Delvino P, Bellis E, Quadrelli VS, Montecucco C. Clinical course of COVID-19 in a series of patients with chronic arthritis treated with immunosuppressive targeted therapies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(5):667–8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Jatwani S, Goyal A, Vasculitis. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Galarza-Delgado D, Serna-Peña G, Compeán-Villegas JE, Cardenas-de la Garza JA, Pineda-Sic RA, Colunga-Pedraza IJ, et al. Characteristics and evolution of 38 patients with rheumatic diseases and COVID-19 under DMARD therapy. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(3):1197–9.
Google Scholar
Eder L, Croxford R, Drucker AM, Mendel A, Kuriya B, Touma Z et al. Understanding COVID-19 risk in patients with immune mediated inflammatory diseases: a population-based analysis of SARS-CoV-2 testing. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021.
Robinson PC, Bursle EC. Management of autoimmune disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aust Prescriber. 2020;43(5):146–7.
Google Scholar
Comarmond C, Leclercq M, Leroux G, Marques C, Le Joncour A, Domont F et al. Correspondence on ‘Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with large-vessels vasculitis in Italy: a monocentric survey’. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020.
Loarce-Martos J, García-Fernández A, López-Gutiérrez F, García-García V, Calvo-Sanz L, del Bosque-Granero I, et al. High rates of severe disease and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in rheumatic disease patients treated with rituximab: a descriptive study. Rheumatol Int. 2020;40(12):2015–21.
CAS
Google Scholar
Karadag AS, Aslan Kayıran M, Lotti T, Wollina U. Immunosuppressive and immunomodulator therapy for rare or uncommon skin disorders in pandemic days. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(5):e13686.
CAS
Google Scholar
Nair PA, Badri T, Psoriasis. Treasure Island (FL):StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Zhang M, Bai X, Cao W, Ji J, Wang L, Yang Y, et al. The influence of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and biologics on patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis and rheumatic diseases in the era of COVID-19: a review of current evidence. Front Immunol. 2021;12:677957.
CAS
Google Scholar
Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Espinosa G, Londoño MC, Meira F, Caballol B, Llufriu S et al. A multidisciplinary registry of patients with autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases with symptomatic COVID-19 from a single center. J Autoimmun. 2021;117.
Akiyama S, Hamdeh S, Micic D, Sakuraba A. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(3):384–91.
CAS
Google Scholar
Pahalyants V, Murphy WS, Klebanov N, Lu C, Theodosakis N, Klevens RM, et al. Immunosuppressive biologics did not increase the risk of COVID-19 or subsequent mortality: a retrospective matched cohort study from Massachusetts. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(1):252–5.
CAS
Google Scholar
Queiro Silva R, Armesto S, González Vela C, Naharro Fernández C, González-Gay MA. COVID-19 patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis on biologic immunosuppressant therapy vs apremilast in North Spain. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e13961.
CAS
Google Scholar
Anand P, Slama MCC, Kaku M, Ong C, Cervantes-Arslanian AM, Zhou L, et al. COVID-19 in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2020;62(2):254–8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Singh S, Govindarajan R. COVID-19 and generalized Myasthenia Gravis exacerbation: a case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;196:106045.
Google Scholar
Scoppetta C, Casciato S, Di Gennaro G. Speculative clues on Myasthenia gravis and COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(15):7925–6.
CAS
Google Scholar
Camelo-Filho AE, Silva AMS, Estephan EP, Zambon AA, Mendonça RH, Souza PVS et al. Myasthenia gravis and COVID-19: clinical characteristics and outcomes. Front Neurol. 2020;11.
Plymate LC, Pepper G, Krist MP, Koelle DM. Immunogenicity of repeat COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations in a patient with myasthenia gravis receiving mycophenolate, prednisone, and eculizumab. J Transl Autoimmun. 2021;4:100114.
CAS
Google Scholar
Roveron DL, dos Santos ILG, dos Santos JLG, Alem NF, Capobianco JGP. Myasthenia gravis and COVID-19: a systematic review of case reports and case series. Revista de Patologia Tropical/J Trop Pathol. 2021;50(2).
Jacob S, Muppidi S, Guidon A, Guptill J, Hehir M, Howard JF Jr, et al. Guidance for the management of myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurol Sci. 2020;412:116803.
CAS
Google Scholar
Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–4.
CAS
Google Scholar
Li H, Liu L, Zhang D, Xu J, Dai H, Tang N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses. Lancet. 2020;395(10235):1517–20.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kovvuru S, Nalleballe K, Onteddu SR, Sharma R, Jasti M, Kapoor N, et al. Immunosuppression in chronic autoimmune neurological disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurol Sci. 2021;420:117230.
CAS
Google Scholar
Abbas AS, Hardy N, Ghozy S, Dibas M, Paranjape G, Evanson KW, et al. Characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of Myasthenia Gravis in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2022;213:107140.
Google Scholar
Ramaswamy SB, Govindarajan R. COVID-19 in refractory myasthenia Gravis- A case report of successful outcome. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2020;7(3):361–4.
Google Scholar
Digala LP, Prasanna S, Rao P, Qureshi AI, Govindarajan R. Impact of COVID-19 infection among myasthenia gravis patients- a Cerner Real-World Data(TM) study. BMC Neurol. 2022;22(1):38.
CAS
Google Scholar
Ferreli C, Gasparini G, Parodi A, Cozzani E, Rongioletti F, Atzori L. Cutaneous manifestations of scleroderma and scleroderma-like disorders: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;53(3):306–36.
CAS
Google Scholar
Odonwodo A, Badri T, Hariz A, Scleroderma. StatPearls [Internet]:StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
Wu Y, Kwakkenbos L, Henry RS, Carrier ME, Gagarine M, Harb S, et al. Factors associated with fears due to COVID-19: a Scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) COVID-19 cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2021;140:110314.
Google Scholar
Matucci-Cerinic M, Bruni C, Allanore Y, Clementi M, Dagna L, Damjanov NS, et al. Systemic sclerosis and the COVID-19 pandemic: World Scleroderma Foundation preliminary advice for patient management. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(6):724–6.
CAS
Google Scholar
Condé K, Atakla HG, Garba MS, Garba I. COVID-19 infection during autoimmune disease: study of 2 cases in Republic of Guinea. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35(Suppl 2):96.
Google Scholar
Matucci-Cerinic M, Hughes M, Taliani G, Kahaleh B. Similarities between COVID-19 and systemic sclerosis early vasculopathy: a “viral” challenge for future research in scleroderma. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(10):102899.
CAS
Google Scholar
Torkildsen Ø, Myhr KM, Bø L. Disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis - a review of approved medications. Eur J Neurol. 2016;23 Suppl(Suppl 1):18–27.
Google Scholar
Fox RJ, Chan A, Gold R, Phillips JT, Selmaj K, Chang I, et al. Characterizing absolute lymphocyte count profiles in dimethyl fumarate-treated patients with MS: Patient management considerations. Neurol Clin Pract. 2016;6(3):220–9.
Google Scholar
Giovannoni G. Cladribine to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2017;14(4):874–87.
CAS
Google Scholar
Brownlee W, Bourdette D, Broadley S, Killestein J, Ciccarelli O. Treating multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurology. 2020;94(22):949–52.
CAS
Google Scholar