Fig. 2
From: Host shutoff activity of VHS and SOX-like proteins: role in viral survival and immune evasion
VHS, ICP27 and SOX reduce mRNA abundance to shutoff the expression of host proteins through different strategies. VHS and SOX degrade mRNA via their RNase activity; ICP27 inhibits host pre-mRNA polyadenylation and splicing; and SOX/muSOX proteins induce nascent host mRNA hyperadenylation. In addition, these three proteins alter the localization of cytoplasmic poly (A) binding protein (PABPC), leading to limited mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. VHS suppresses the unfolded protein response (UPR) during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and protein kinase R (PKR) phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). VHS and SOX also inhibit the subsequent formation of stress granules (SGs) to favor viral replication (refer to [123])