Skip to main content
Download PDF

A highly sensitive detection for foot-and-mouth disease virus by gold nanopariticle improved immuno-PCR

Virology Journal volume 8, Article number: 148 (2011) Cite this article

Abstract

Backgroud

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious of all artiodactyl animal diseases, and its infection has an obvious ability to spread over long distances and to contribute to epidemics in FMD-free areas. A highly sensitive and specific method is required to detect FMDV. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of a bio-barcode assay (BCA) technique for detecting clinical samples of FMDV.

Methods

Highly sensitive gold nanopariticle (GNP) improved immuno-PCR (GNP-IPCR) which derived from the bio-barcode assay (BCA) was designed for the detection of FMDV. The target viral particles were captured by a polyclonal antibody coated on ELISA microplate, followed by adding GNP which was dually modified with oligonucleotides and a FMDV specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1D11 to form a sandwiched immune complex. After the formation of immuno-complex, the signal DNA was released by heating, and consequently characterized by PCR and real time PCR.

Results

The detection limit of GNP-PCR could reach to 10 fg/ml purified FMDV particles, and the assay can detect clinical samples of FMDV with highly sensitivity, while detect limit of conventional ELISA is 100 ng/ml in this study.

Conclusion

GNP-IPCR may provide a highly sensitive method for the detection of FMDV.

Backgroud

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Aphthovirus genus of the family Picornaviridae, is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus of 8,500 bp and is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid [1]. The virus exists as seven serologically distinct types (O, A, C, Asia 1, SATs 1, 2, 3) [2]. The virus affects artiodactyl, especially cattle and swine, and FMD is one of the most contagious of all animal diseases. In 2001, outbreaks of FMD in Taiwan, South Korea and the United Kingdom resulted in the slaughter of millions of animals and huge economic losses [3]. This virus can survive in meat and other animal products for a long periods [4], and FMD is endemic in large area of South America, Asia, Africa, and its infection has an obvious ability to spread over long distances and to cause epidemics in FMD-free areas.

Many methods have been developed to detect the FMDV, such as ELISA [5], hybridization assays [6], conventional RT-PCR [7] and real-time RT -PCR [8–14]. Generally, the sensitivity of ELISA is lower, but which can detect antigens or antibodies. The sensitivity of PCR is higher, but it can only detect DNA/RNA of the virus, and can also lead to false-positive results.朗读

Recently, a new highly sensitive assay, namely bio-barcode amplification (BCA) assay, was developed for ultrasensitive detection of target proteins and nucleic acids, the detection limit could reach the level of 30 attomolar (aM) [15–17]. BCA combines the advantages of both ELISA and PCR, it has not only the sensitivity of PCR, but also can detect the antigens or antibodies. In the BCA, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) could conjugate with DNA and specific monoclonal antibody (Mab). Many DNA immobilized on the surface of GNP would further improve the sensitivity of conventional immuno-PCR [18, 19]. In this study, the application of BCA was evaluated for detecting clinical FMD samples.

Materials and methods

Cells and virus

BHK-21 cells were grown in MEM medium (Qingdatianyi Co., China) containing 4% newborn calf serum (PPA, Australia), and used to replicate FMDV. FMDV strain China/99 specific MAb 1D11 and the polyclonal antibody rabbit sera against the FMDV type O used in this study were provided by our laboratory.

Real MasterMix (SYBR GREEN) kit was provided by TaKaRa Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China) and rabbit anti-guinea pig IgG which was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was provided by Sigma (Sigma, US).

GNPs with an average diameter of 30 nm were obtained from Ted Pella Inc (CA, USA). All oligonucleotides and primers were synthesized from Sangon Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) (Table 1).

Table 1 Oligonucleotides and primer sequences used in this work.
Full size table

Preparation of bi-functionalized GNP conjugated with oligonucleotides and monoclonal antibodies

GNPs bi-functionalized with MAb 1D11 and the conjugation DNA were prepared as reported previously [15]. First, the primary gold nanoparticles solution was adjusted to pH 9.2 with 1 M NaOH. Then, 1 ml of the solution was mixed with 6 μg MAb 1D11 at room temperature and was mildly shaking for 30 min. This solution was added with 1 OD thiolated conjunction DNA for 16 h at 10°C. Then, a procedure of salt-aging was carried out by adding 2 M NaCl in a six-stepwise-addition within 24 h to this solution in order to make 0.1 M of the final concentration of NaCl. 0.3 ml of a 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution was added into the solution with extensive incubation at room temperature for 30 min to stabilize and achieve passivation of GNPs. The solution was centrifuged at 4°C for 20 min, and the supernatant was removed. The nanoparticles were resuspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffered solution (PBS, pH7.4) and centrifuged again in order to achieve further purification of nanoparticles. The nanopaticles were resuspended in the 400 μl PBS with 1 OD of the signal DNA and hybridized at 37°C for 1 h. The similar centrifugation procedure was performed to remove the redundant signal DNA and obtain the bi-functionalized GNPs. Finally, the probes were resuspended in PBS with 0.01% Tween-20 (v/v) and 0.1% BSA (w/v). This bi-funtionalized GNPs probes solution was stored at 4°C.

Assay for FMDV by ELISA

Conventional ELISA was performed as reported previously [20]. Each microplate (Corning Costar Inc., US) were coated with polyconal antibody (10 μg/ml) in 0.1 M carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.4) overnight at 4°C. Plates were blocked with 5% skim milk in PBS and washed three times with PBST (containing 0.1% Tween-20, pH7.4). After three times of washing, each microplate was added with 50 μl of tenfold serial dilutions of the purified FMDV (1 ug/ml to 0.1 pg/ml) incubated for 1 h at 37°C. The plates were subsequently washed, then 50 μl MAb 1D11 (1:1000 dilution) was added and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. After three washings, 50 μl Goat anti-mouse IgG which was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Sigma) was added and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Three time of washing with PBST, the ELISA reaction was developed by the addition of ophenylenediamine-H2O2 for 20 min at 37°C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 μl 1.5 M H2SO4 and the microplate was read at OD 490 by a plate reader (Bio-Rad 680, USA).

Detection of FMDV by GNP probe

All procedure of coating and blocking for GNP-IPCR were carried out by same way with the ELISA. The assay of GNP-IPCR was conducted as described previously [19]. The microplates were washed using 0.05 M PBSET (including 5 mM EDTA and 0.05% Tween-20). 50 μl of tenfold serial dilutions of purified FMDV (10 pg/ml to 0.01 fg/ml) were respectively added into the microplates and then incubated at 37°C for 1 h, following by five times of washing. Then 50 μl GNP probe was added into microplates and incubated for 1 h at 37°C, washed five times with PBS, add 50 μl of double distilled H2O into each microplates. Finally, the plates were handled in a water bath at 80°C for 10 min to release the signal DNA which is then analyzed by PCR.

PCR amplification was performed by adding 5 μl of the free signal DNA as templates (0.2 μM each primers, 1 mM dNTP, 10 × buffer and 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase). The amplification products were analyzed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Detection of Real-time PCR for signal DNA

Real time PCR amplification was performed by adding 5 μl of the released signal DNA solutions as templates, added 0.5 μl forward primer (10 μM) and reverse primer (10 μM) listed in Table 1 into the MasterMix (SYBR GREEN) kit in a total volume of 20 μl. The cycling parameters were an initial DNA denaturation step at 95°C for 30 sec followed by 40 cycles of PCR with DNA denaturation at 95°C for 15 sec and primer annealing and extension at 68°C for 30 sec.

Detection Clinical FMDV samples using GNP-IPCR

To evaluate whether this method is perfect for clinical FMDV sample assays, a total of 30 sera, 20 vesicle fluids of type O of FMDV and 26 negative sera of FMDV and 10 type Asia 1 of FMDV samples were isolated in our laboratory to be identified by GNP-IPCR.

Results

Detection FMDV Antigen using GNP-IPCR and ELISA

To compare the sensitivity and detection limit between the GNP-IPCR and ELISA, we applied both GNP-IPCR and ELISA to detect the purified FMDV antigens. As shown in Figure 1, the detection limit of ELISA is 100 ng/ml, but the detection limit of GNP-IPCR is about 10 fg/ml of FMDV purified antigens, which was 7 titers of magnitude more sensitive than general ELISA system.

Figure 1
figure 1

Detection of serial dilutions of purified FMDV using GNP-IPCR and ELISA. The detect limit of ELISA was 100 ng/ml purified FMDV and that of GNP-IPCR was 10 fg/ml.

Full size image

Detection of FMDV by GNP-IPCR real-time PCR

Gel electrophoresis is a wildly used tool in immuno-PCR to quantify the PCR amplification, but it has some shortcoming such as time consuming. Here, a SYBR green-based fluorescence quantification RT-PCR was adopted for analysis of the released signal DNA. As shown in Figure 2, clear distinctness in signals was found between FMDV samples and the negative control. The FMDV concentration ranges from 10 pg/ml to 1 fg/ml, and 1 fg/ml purified FMDV can be distinguished from the negative control by this assay.

Figure 2
figure 2

SYBR-GREEN real time PCR detection of FMDV based on GNP-IPCR. Curve 1-5 represents samples with FMDV concentration of 10 pg/ml, 1 pg/ml, 100 fg/ml, 10 fg/ml and 1 fg/ml, and 6 represent negative control, respectively.

Full size image

Detection FMDV Clinical samples using GNP-IPCR

Detection of FMDV clinical sample using GNP-IPCR indicated that 30 sera, 20 vesicle fluids of type O of FMDV was identified as positive, 1 negative serum identified as suspected positive may be due to the sample contamination, no cross reaction of this assay with serotype Asia 1 (Table 2). Owing to its rapidity, sensitivity and specificity, GNP-IPCR assay is suitable for clinical diagnosis and surveillance of FMDV, and the whole assay could be completed within 4 h.

Table 2 Evaluation of 85 clinical samples by GNP-IPCR
Full size table

Discussions

ELISA and conventional PCR are standard laboratory assays which applied to detect FMDV [21–25]. These assays have been shown restricted on the detection of FMDV antigen [14] because the ELISA lack of the high sensitivity, and the PCR can only detect DNA/RNA 朗读. To combine the applicability for detection of antigen of ELISA and the high sensitivity of PCR, Sano et al., developed the immuno-PCR (IPCR) method [26]. This application is also limited for the lack of standards related products and difficulty of synthesis of antibody-oligonucleotides conjugation of IPCR. We are pay attention to the ability of the BCA-IPCR for detecting FMDV. This method offers an innovative approach to detect target proteins that overcomes shortcomings of IPCR. The method is exquisitely specific because antigens or antibodies bound to GNPs and the GNPs are directed against two or more distinct epitopes [27–29], and the method is more convenient and time-saving than conventional IPCR assays [30–33].

BCA technology combines the advantages of PCR and ELISA which have a specificity and sensitivity of detection of clinical samples. The detect limit of GNP-PCR can be 10 fg/ml purified FMDV samples while detect limit of conventional ELISA is 100 ng/ml in this study. The detect limit of this study was lower than the theoretical detect limit. This may be due to the influence of some factors, for example, the combination efficiency of the monoclonal antibody, the captured efficiency of the antigen, or the sample contamination [34]. Meanwhile, the results of detection clinical FMDV samples indicated that GNP-IPCR assay is suitable for clinical diagnosis and surveillance of FMDV. To our knowledge, this is the first report that GNP-PCR was applied in the detection of FMDV antigen.

References

  1. Knowles NJ, Samuel AR: Molcular epidemiology of foot-and- mouth disease virus. Virus Res. 2003, 91: 65-80. 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00260-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Robson KJH, Harris TJR, Brown F: An assessment by competition hybridisation of the sequence homology between the RNAs of the seven serotypes of FMDV. J Gen Virol. 1977, 37: 271-276. 10.1099/0022-1317-37-2-271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Davies G: The foot and mouth disease(FMD) epidemic in the United Kingdom 2001. J Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002, 25: 331-343. 10.1016/S0147-9571(02)00030-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Thomson GR, Vosloo W, Bastos ADS: Foot-and-mouth disease in wildlife. Virus Res. 2003, 91: 145-161. 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00263-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Alexandersen S, Zhang Z, Donaldson AI, Garland AJ: The pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. J Comp Pathol. 2003, 129: 1-36. 10.1016/S0021-9975(03)00041-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Verheyden B, Lauwers S, Rombaut B: Quantitative RT-PCR ELISA to determine the amount and ratio of positive- and negative-strand viral RNA synthesis and the effect of guanidine in poliovirus infected cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2003, 33: 303-308. 10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00286-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Moss A, Hass B: Comparison of the plaque test and reverse transcription nested PCR for detection of FMDV in nasal swabs and probing samples. J Virol Methods. 1999, 80: 59-67. 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00031-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Callahan JD, Brown F, Osorio FA, Sur JH, Kramer E, Long GW, Lubroth J, Ellis SJ, Shoulars KS, Gaffney KL, Rock DL, Nelson WM: Use of a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002, 220: 1636-1642. 10.2460/javma.2002.220.1636.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. King DP, Ferris NP, Shaw AE, Reid SM, Hutchings GH, Giuffre AC, Robida JM, Callahan JD, Nelson WM, Beckham TR: Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus: comparative diagnostic sensitivity of two independent real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2006, 18: 93-97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gu C, Zheng C, Shi L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Lu B, Xiong Y, Qu S, Shao J, Chang H: Plus- and minus-stranded foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA quantified simultaneously using a novel real-time RT-PCR. Virus Genes. 2007, 34: 2461-2469. 10.1007/s11262-006-0019-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fosgate GT, Tavornpanich S, Hunter D, Pugh R, Sterle JA, Schumann KR, Eberling AJ, Beckham TR, Martin BM, Clarke NP, Adams LG: Diagnostic specificity of a real-time RT-PCR in cattle for foot-and-mouth disease and swine for foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever based on non-invasive specimen collection. Vet. 2008, 132: 158-164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Nunez JI, Blanco E, Hernandez T, Gomez-Tejedor C, Martin MJ, Dopazo J, Sobrino F: A RT-PCR assay for the differential diagnosis of vesicular viral diseases of swine. J Virol Meth. 1998, 72: 227-235. 10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00032-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lomakina NF, Fallacara F, Pacciarini M, Amadori M, Lomakin AI, Timina AM, Shcherbakova LO, Drygin VV: Application of universal primers for identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus and swine vesicular disease virus by PCR and PCR-ELISA. Arch Virol. 2004, 149: 1155-1170. 10.1007/s00705-003-0279-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Reid SM, Hutchings GH, Ferris NP, De Clercq K: Diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease by RT-PCR: evaluation of primers for serotypic characterisation of viral RNA in clinical samples. J Virol Meth. 1999, 83: 113-123. 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00113-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nam JM, Thaxton CS, Mirkin CA: Nanoparticle-based bio-bar codes for the ultrasensitive detection of proteins. Science. 2003, 301: 1884-10.1126/science.1088755.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bao YP, Wei TF, Lefebvre A, An H, He L, Kunkel GT, Muller UR: Detection of protein analytes via nanoparticle-based bio bar code technology. Anal Chem. 2006, 78: 2055-10.1021/ac051798d.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stoeva SI, Lee JS, Smith JE, Rosen ST, Mirkin CA: Multiplexed detection of protein cancer markers with biobarcoded nanoparticle probes. J Am Chem Soc. 2006, 128: 8378-10.1021/ja0613106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang XS, Sun Y, Jing S, Ma XM, Zeng Y: Combining gold nanoparticles with real-time immuno-PCR for analysis of HIV p24 antigens. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. ICBBE. 2007, , The 1st International Conference on: 1198

    Google Scholar 

  19. Chen LY, Wei HP, Guo YC, Cui ZQ, Zhang ZP, Zhang XE: Gold nanoparticle enhanced immuno-PCR for ultrasensitive detection of Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein. Journal of immunological methods. 2009, 346: 64-70. 10.1016/j.jim.2009.05.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Roeder PL, Le Blanc Smith PM: Detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a sensitive, rapid and reliable technique for primary diagnosis. Research in Veterinary Science. 1987, 43: 225-232.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N: Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science. 1985, 230: 1350-1354. 10.1126/science.2999980.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Laor O, Torgersen H, Yadin H, Becker Y: Detection of FMDV RNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Journal of Virological Methods. 1992, 36: 197-207. 10.1016/0166-0934(92)90051-E.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Oleksiewicz MB, Donaldson AI, Alexandersen S: Development of a novel real-time RT-PCR assay for quantitation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in diverse porcine tissues. Journal of Virological Methods. 2001, 92: 23-35. 10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00265-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bao HF, Li D, Guo JH, Lu ZJ, Chen YL, Liu ZX, Liu X T, Xie QG: A highly sensitive and specific multiplex RT-PCR to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus in tissue and food samples. Arch Virol. 2008, 153: 205-209. 10.1007/s00705-007-1082-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Huang X, Li Y, Zheng CY: A novel single-cell quantitative real-time RT-PCR method for quantifying foot-and-mouth disease viral RNA. Journal of Virological Methods. 2009, 155: 150-156. 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sano T, Smith CL, Cantor CR: Immuno -PCR: very sensitive antigen detection by means of specific conjugates. Science. 1992, 258: 120-122. 10.1126/science.1439758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Danied MC, Astruc D: Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supram- olecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem Rev. 2004, 104: 293-346. 10.1021/cr030698+.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Elghanian R, Storhoff JJ, Mucic RC, Letsinger RL, Mirkin CA: Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. Science. 1997, 277: 1078-1080. 10.1126/science.277.5329.1078.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL, Mucic RC, Storhoff JJ: A DNA-based method ofr rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials. Nature. 1996, 382: 607-609. 10.1038/382607a0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Parak WJ, Gerion D, Pellegrino : Biological applications of colloidal nanocrystal. Nanotechnology. 2003, 14: 15-27. 10.1088/0957-4484/14/7/201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kim EY, Stanton J, Vega RA, Kunstman KJ, Mirkin CA, Wolinsky SM: A real-time PCR-based method for determining the surface coverage of thiol-capped oligonucleotides bound onto gold nanoparticles. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34: e54-10.1093/nar/gkl147.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chen HY, Zhuang HS: Real-time immuno-PCR assay for detecting PCBs in soil samples. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009, 394: 1205-1211. 10.1007/s00216-009-2787-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Roth L, Zagon J, Ehlers A, Kroh LW, Broll H: A novel approach for the detection of DNA using immobilized peptide nucleic acid (PDA) probes and signal enhancement by realtime immuno polymerase chain reaction (RT-iPCR). Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009, 394: 529-537. 10.1007/s00216-009-2724-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Niemeyer CM, Adler M, Wacker R: Detecting antigens by quantitative immuno-PCR. Natl Protoc. 2007, 2: 1918-1930. 10.1038/nprot.2007.267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in parts by grants from National Key Technologies R&D Program (2009ZX08007-006B), International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (No.2010DFA32640) and Science and Technology Key Project of Gansu Province (No.0801NKDA034). This study was also supported by National Natural Science foundation of China (No.30700597 and No. 31072143).

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China

      Yao-zhong Ding, Yong-sheng Liu, Jian-hua Zhou & Hao-tai Chen

    2. lanzhou Jiaotong Univesity Bowen College, Lanzhou, 730101, Gansu, China

      Gang Wei

    Authors
    1. Yao-zhong Ding
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Yong-sheng Liu
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Jian-hua Zhou
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Hao-tai Chen
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Gang Wei
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Li-na Ma
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Jie Zhang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Additional information

    Competing interests

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

    Authors' contributions

    JZ, YD and YL designed the study and drafted the manuscript. JZ, HC, GW and LM prepared the monoclonal antibodies and performed GNP-IPCR. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

    Yao-zhong Ding, Yong-sheng Liu contributed equally to this work.

    Authors’ original submitted files for images

    Rights and permissions

    Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Reprints and Permissions

    About this article

    Cite this article

    Ding, Yz., Liu, Ys., Zhou, Jh. et al. A highly sensitive detection for foot-and-mouth disease virus by gold nanopariticle improved immuno-PCR. Virol J 8, 148 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-148

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-148

    Keywords

    • Tenfold Serial Dilution
    • Conventional ELISA
    • Gold Nanoparticles Solution
    • FMDV Type
    • FMDV Strain

    Virology Journal

    ISSN: 1743-422X