Fig. 4

Mechanistic analysis of antiviral activity by berbamine and tetrandrine. (A) Antiviral activity of berbamine and tetrandrine to inhibit ASFV in Vero cells depending on the virus replication duration, as indicated by supernatant collection time post-infection. (B) Effect of compound removal time on antiviral activity in Vero cells. Initially, virus and compound were added at the same time to cells and removal was done by media exchange. (C) Antiviral activity depending on the time of addition. (D) Effect of berbamine and tetrandrine on ASFV attachment to and internalization by Vero cells. The concentrations of berbamine and tetrandrine in all experiments were 50 µM and 25 µM, respectively. ASFV means virus-only control without compound addition while Ber and Tet denote berbamine and tetrandrine, respectively. nd refers to not determined (below detection limit). Results represent the mean ± s.d. of three independent experiments (n = 3). Significant differences compared to control are denoted by ^*p < 0.05 and ^**p < 0.01