Table 3 The common symptoms of long COVID and its effect on various organs

Respiratory tract

Dyspnea, pulmonary fibrosis, extensive alveolar damage, diffuse bilateral alveolar damage (DAD), severe respiratory failure, lung tissue collapse, acute respiratory tract system (ARDS), persistent oxygen requirement, persistent cough, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary thromboembolism, and pulmonary vein and artery damage.

Clinical presentations would be dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, and cough.

[79,80,81]

Cardiovascular system

Myocarditis, myocardial infarction, thromboembolism, arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia), heart failure, hypertension, thromboembolism and hypercoagulability state, microangiopathy, capillary damage, and sudden cardiac death.

[81,82,83,84]

Hematologic system

Elevated D-dimer, coagulopathy, immunothrombotic state, thrombocytopenia, altered vascular hemostasis, intra-vascular coagulation, venous thromboembolism (DVT and PE), thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events.

[79, 85]

Renal tract

Decreased eGFR, acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease, and kidney infarction due to thromboembolism

[79, 86,87,88]

Gastrointestinal tract

Diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), gastrointestinal hemorrhage, increased hepatic inflammatory markers (aminotransferase aspartate (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)), bowel damage, bowel necrosis, small bowel dilation, edema, and mesenteric node hemorrhage

[79, 81]

Central nervous system (Neuropsychiatry)

Mood changes, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sleep difficulties, cognitive dysfunction and memory loss, headache, fatigue, muscle weakness, confusion, and hypoxic brain injury.

[81, 87]

Skin

Maculopapular exanthem (morbilliform), papulovesicular rash, red purple papule, urticaria, pernio-like lesions, and hair loss.

[87]

Endocrine system

Hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance, new onset diabetes mellitus, and starvation ketoacidosis.

[81, 89]