Table 1 The most commonly reported complications of COVID-19 infection

Respiratory

Cough, rhinorrhea, shortness of breath, lung infiltration, and lung fibrosis

[17,18,19]

Gastrointestinal

Diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and digestive problems.

GI hemorrhage and bloody diarrhea

Bowel ischemia

Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBD) and dyspepsia.

[20, 21]

Hepatobiliary

Acute liver failure, fulminant liver failure with encephalopathy, and scleral icterus.

Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine

aminotransferase (ALT).

Elevated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP),

and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis.

Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy.

[21]

Renal

Electrolyte disturbance especially hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, renal artery thrombosis, renal infarction, and renal replacement therapy.

[22, 23]

Cardiovascular

Chest pain, ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, cardiogenic shock, decompensated heart failure, myocardial injury, myocarditis, dysrhythmia, and thromboembolic events.

[24, 25]

Central nervous system

Headache, dizziness, alteration of mental status, ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular attack (CVA), encephalopathy, meningitis, and seizure.

[26, 27]

Peripheral nervous system

Neuralgia, visual disturbance, dysgeusia, dysosmia, anosmia, ageusia, and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

[26]

Psychological

Medical trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, depression, social stress and readjustment, anxiety, and psychosis.

[28]

Hematologic

Thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and aplastic anemia.

[29]

Thrombotic complications

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE)

Arterial thromboembolic complications including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, acute limb ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, coronary stent thrombosis.

Thrombosis of dialysis catheters in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuits.

[30]