Table 1 Summary of HMPV molecular diagnostic approaches and their characteristics
From: Epidemiology and diagnosis technologies of human metapneumovirus in China: a mini review
Methods | Operation time | Limit of detection | Experimental cost | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
3–5 h | 1000 copies/reaction | Low | RT-PCR has been widely used for performing epidemiological investigation of HMPV, while which requires complex instruments and trained workers | |
1–3 h | 10 ~ 100 copies/reaction | Low | RT-qPCR has been widely amplified in HMPV monitoring in clinical samples | |
~ 1.5 h | < 10 copies/reaction | High | Advantages: High sensitivity and specificity, rapid diagnosis with simple reaction procedure, and constant temperature Disadvantages: High requirements of primers, high false positive rate, and high cost | |
RAA [38] | 15 ~ 30 min | 100 copies/reaction | High | Advantages: High sensitivity and specificity, and rapid diagnosis of virus infection Disadvantages: High cost and high positive rate |
RT-RPA combined with CRISPR-Cas12a [45] | < 30 min | < 700 copies/reaction | High | Advantages: High sensitivity and specificity, and rapid diagnosis of virus infection Disadvantages: High cost and high positive rate |
mNGS [48] | 5 ~ 10 days | Not determined | High | Advantages: High sensitivity and specificity, and rapid diagnosis of unknown pathogens Disadvantages: High cost and time-consuming |
Virus isolation [51] | 3 ~ 4 days or more time | Not determined | High | Advantages: The “gold standard” for pathogen detection Disadvantages: High cost and time-consuming, and low isolation rate, and requires complex instruments and trained workers |