Table 1 Use of exosomes in the detection of the viral infection
Viral infection | Exosome isolation method | Exosomes detection method | Explain | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV-1 | Ultracentrifugation | Western blotting | Regarding HIV-1 gene transcription and replication, the Tat is crucial. Overall, our findings demonstrate that a sizeable amount of Tat is released and present in exosomes, which may aid in the stability of extracellular Tat and increase the variety of cells it may infect | [121] |
SARS-CoV-2 | Microfluidics | RADx-Rad exosome-based technologies | The RADx-Rad program was to accelerate the development of exRNAs and EVs as potential therapeutics and diagnostics. In addition to detecting SARS-CoV-2, the RADx-Rad exosome-based technologies program would also be able to identify prognostic indicators that may signal a propensity toward developing severe illness or PASC | |
HPV-OPC | Acoustofluidic platform | Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) | Isolated saliva samples include high-purity exosomes since the particles contain known exosomal protein biomarkers and have the anticipated exosomal size and form. Exosomal miRNA was quantified using ddPCR for miRNAs, and the results showed that the quantity of miRNA in acoustofluidic-separated samples was more than in the sample isolated by differential centrifugation | [134] |
HBV | ExoQuick-TC exosome extraction kit | Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) | Patients who test negative for serum HBV-DNA but have a strong suspicion of HBV infection may benefit from using exosomal HBV-DNA. Thus, tracking the amount of HBV-DNA in exosomes may help select therapy to stop the illness from developing into LC and cancer and immediately and properly represent the onset and progression of the disease | [121] |
HCV | D63 immuno-magnetic separation | Western blotting (for CD9 and CD81), electron microscopy, and NTA | Researchers found that in HCV J6/JFH-1 infected Huh7.5 cell supernatants, there were almost seven times as many free HCV viral particles as there were exosome particles in the same volume, and in HCV infected patient serum samples, the ratio was about four times as high | [147] |
HSV-1 | Ultracentrifugation | Western blotting | Recurrent HSK suggests that HSV-1 is latent in tear exosomes and that they may play a role in HSV-1 transmission. This research also confirms the exosomal route as a viable HSV-1 gene transfer, opening up new avenues for therapeutic intervention and therapy of recurrent HSK | [149] |