Fig. 3
From: Severe COVID-19 and chronic kidney disease: bidirectional mendelian randomization study
Reverse MR analyses: Causal effect of CKD on severe COVID-19. (A) Scatter plot demonstrating the relationship between severe COVID-19 and CKD using all four techniques employed in this investigation. (B) The MR estimate and 95% CI values for the SNPs are displayed in a forest plot, along with the MR‒Egger and IVW findings at the bottom. (C) To determine whether any particular IV was mediating the causal impact, leave-one-out analyses were carried out. (D) Any substantial heterogeneity in the observed associations was found using a funnel plot. Cl, confidence interval; IVW, inverse-variance weighted; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MR, Mendelian randomization; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms