Fig. 3

Virus secretion in mono- and co-infections of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV). WNV lineage 2 isolated in Germany in 2018 and USUV Europe 3 isolated in Germany in 2011 were used for co-infections in vertebrate (Vero B4 GN-R) as well mosquito cell lines (C6/36 and CT). Co-infections were performed with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 for USUV and either 1 or 0.1 for WNV. The solid and dashed lines are drawn through the mean values of the three biological replicates for all tested time points measured by RT-qPCR based on a relative and absolute standard curve running in parallel. The error bars represent the standard deviation (± SD). Incomplete error bars occur when y-min of the error bars is negative and therefore not displayed in the logarithmic y-scale