Fig. 5

ROS-mediated DNA damage and ATM-MSK1-phospho-Ser276 RelA-IRF-RIG-I pathway in RSV-infected cells. ROS production induces DSBs and 8-oxo(d)Gua along with enrichment of enzymatically disabled OGG1 in RSV-infected cells. DSBs are associated with senescence, while OGG1 promotes the DNA occupancy of NF-κB and contributes to the augmented innate immune response. Moreover, NAC is able to reverse DSBs via the inhibition of ROS production. ATM, as a nuclear ROS and DNA damage sensor, is translocated from the nucleus into the cytosol and activates the MSK1-phospho-Ser276 RelA-IRF-RIG-I amplification loop in RSV infection