Table 2 Bacteria and bacterial derivatives as Drug delivery systems in viral infection
From: The potential use of bacteria and bacterial derivatives as drug delivery systems for viral infection
Viral infection | Delivery system | Use | Effects | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SARS-CoV-2 | E. coli | SARS-CoV-2 FP vaccine | The FP can potentially serve as a viable target for a coronavirus vaccine with broad protective capabilities. This assertion is based on the observation that a vaccine targeting the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 FP was able to confer cross-protection against the alphacoronavirus PEDV | [28] |
SARS-CoV-2 | OMV derived from S. Typhimurium | RBD-OMV vaccine | High levels of anti-RBD IgG were found in the blood after intranasal immunization, and there were also clear mucosal reactions. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV avoided body mass loss, had lower viral titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and exhibited less severe lung pathology than those immunized with unconjugated OMVs or vehicle control | [85] |
SARS-CoV-2 | attenuated Salmonella strain | oral vaccines for delivery of sipB160 protein | This strain was created to produce SARS-CoV-2 antigens using the sipB160 protein for synthesis or partial secretion. Intestinal macrophages with high bacterial cell viability may be activated into B- and T-cells by ingesting this Salmonella, making it useful as a vaccine. This vaccine’s oral administration and use of this viral strain have the potential to elicit more robust cellular and humoral immune responses | [83] |
SARS-CoV-2 | OMVs from N. meningitidis | OMV-mC-Spike vaccine | Vaccination with OMV-mC-Spike elicited serum-neutralizing Abs in all animals. Immunization through the intranasal route only elicited an IgG response in the blood, whereas intramuscular immunization caused an IgG response in the nose and lungs | [84] |
HIV | Lactobacillus | Intravaginal administration of HIV inhibitor cyanovirin-N | When a Lactobacillus strain expressing the HIV inhibitor cyanovirin-N was inserted vaginally, it established a stable bacterial colony and began producing cyanovirin-N there | [92] |
HIV | Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Delivery of HIV-gp41-hemolysin A hybrid peptides | There is hope that engineered EcN might serve as an effective anti-HIV microbicide since it can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts and vaginas of mice for weeks to months. Mice afflicted with V. cholerae had an improved chance of survival after receiving engineered EcN expressing cholera autoinducer 1 | [92] |
HIV | S. typhi Ty21a BGs | HIV gp140 DNA vaccine | The murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells exhibited high uptake efficiency of Ty21a BG-DNA, leading to proficient expression of gp140 within the cells. The BGs-DNA vaccine elicited notably elevated anti-gp120 Ab responses in the peripheral and intestinal mucosal regions of mice in comparison to the naked DNA vaccine | [93] |
HBV | E. coli as a BGs | HBcAg-149 as a model antigen | The study's findings on the immune responses directed towards the foreign target antigen, HBcAg-149, in mice suggest that BGs serve as a highly practical carrier system for the delivery of antigens | [37] |
HBV | S. Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin | Hybrid HBV nucleocapsid-pre-S(2) fusion proteins | Upon intraperitoneal administration to BALB/c mice, these live recombinant bacteria elicited a significant increase in titer of anti-HBV core antigen (HBc) and detectable levels of anti-pre-S2 serum. Abs | [115] |
Influenza | E. coli | rOMVs as a vaccine | The potential of rOMV constructs for controlled release makes them a promising candidate for a single-dose influenza vaccine. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of achieving a rapid generation of antibody titers that exhibit protective efficacy for a minimum duration of six months in murine models | [117] |
Influenza A | E. coli | M2e4xHet rOMVs vaccine | Using PLGA µP containing M2e4xHet rOMVs demonstrated notable and enduring safeguarding against the influenza A/PR8 challenge. Prior research involving PLGA µP has involved encapsulating inactivated influenza virus, influenza antigens, and influenza DNA for vaccine development against influenza | [116] |
Influenza | L. plantarum | Orally administered to modulate the respiratory immunity | The strain L. plantarum 06CC2 was observed to decrease influenza virus titers in the lungs and enhance the Th1 response in the respiratory tract, as well as augment NK-cell activity in both the lungs and spleens | |
EBOV | L. lactis | BLPs vaccines | The findings suggest that the vaccine based on SUDV-EBOV BLPs exhibits promise as a potential contender against infections caused by SUDV and EBOV. Additionally, it presents a viable approach for developing universal vaccines for EDV | [123] |