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Fig. 4 | Virology Journal

Fig. 4

From: Development and efficacy assessment of hand sanitizers and polylactic acid films incorporating caffeic acid and vanillin for enhanced antiviral properties against HCoV-229E

Fig. 4

Comparison of the efficacy of the formulated hand sanitizers containing natural substances against suspension. (A), (B) and (C) represent ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride, respectively. The error bars represent standard deviations of the means (SD). A-E indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by treatment time. The dashed line indicates the detection limit (0.5 log TCID50/mL)

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Virology Journal

ISSN: 1743-422X