Fig. 1From: Development and efficacy assessment of hand sanitizers and polylactic acid films incorporating caffeic acid and vanillin for enhanced antiviral properties against HCoV-229EInactivation of HCoV-229E in suspension by commercial hand sanitizers. The error bars represent the standard deviations of the means (SD). A-E indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by treatment time. The short dash line indicates the detection limit (0.5 log TCID50/mL)Back to article page