Fig. 4

Paraquat reduces IAPV-mediated mortality and IAPV replication of bees. A Data presented as daily survival curves with data points representing mean (n = 5, 30 individuals per replicate) survivorship with error bars representing SEM. Data points for each time point that are not labeled by the same letter represent statistical significance as determined by Kaplan–Meier log-rank test) with significance designated at P < 0.05. Bees were injected with 26 PFU of IAPV for IAPV only and paraquat + IAPV groups. B Log₁₀ fold change in IAPV mRNA expression over time following IAPV only or IAPV + paraquat exposure from whole bees. Bars represent mean (n = 10, 5 individuals per replicate)