Table 1 The current available drugs targeting COVID-19 infection
From: Role and clinical implication of autophagy in COVID-19
Drug | Mechanism | Type of Study | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
IFN-β1a (SNG001) | Promote the innate immune response of human lung. | Clinical trial/ Phase II | [116] |
Tocilizumab | A recombinant human IL-6 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to IL-6 receptors and inhibits IL-6-mediated signal transduction. | Clinical trial | [117] |
IFN-α2b | Interfere with virus infection and replication. | Laboratory Tests | [118] |
Fluvoxamine | A strong S1R agonist to reduce inflammatory response through the S1R-IRE1 pathway. | Clinical trial | [119] |
Combination of IFN-β1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin | A multiple antiviral drugs combination to improve the viral load profile. | Clinical trial/ Phase II | [120] |
Vitamin C | Block several key components of cytokine storms. | Clinical trial | [121] |
Hydroxychloroquine | Increase endosome pH to prevent virus entry and interfere with the glycosylation of ACE2. | Clinical trial | [48] |
Remdesivir | A prodrug of an adenosine analogue having antiviral activity against various RNA viruses. | Clinical trial/ Phase III | [122] |
Dexamethasone | An anti-inflammatory drug and immunosuppressants. | Clinical trial | [123] |
Molnupiravir | A prodrug of the ribonucleoside analogue β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine having broad-spectrum antiviral activity | Clinical trial/ Phase II | [124] |