Fig. 1

Quantitative analysis of cytokine and chemokine gene expression associated with innate antiviral activity in HBD 2-treated THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells were stimulated with 1 μg/mL recombinant S RBD protein with (S RBD-HBD 2) or without (S RBD) HBD 2 conjugation, and the transcript levels of (a) IFN-β, (b) IFN-γ, (c) MxA, (d) TNF-α, (e) IL-1β, (f) IL-6, (g) CXCL-1, (h) CXCL-10, (i) MCP-1, (j) MIP-1α, and (k) RANTES were measured 6 h and 24 h after treatment via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) as described in Materials and Methods. qRT-PCR was performed twice, and the values were normalized to that of the internal control (hACTB). The relative quantification level using the value of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control cells as a basal reference level for comparison is shown as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 indicate significant differences between groups