Table 2 Bovine miRNAs up-regulated and down-regulated in cow serum in response to acute FMDV infection
| miRNA regulation in Bovine serum during acute FMDV infection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNA | Fold change | p-value | Ascribed function | Ref |
| miR-26b | −3.09 | 0.032 |
□ Role in adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation □ Inhibits HBV replication by targeting CHORDC1 □ Inhibits HCV replication in PBMCs □ Promotes RSV replication by targeting TLR4 □ Tumor suppressor: targets USP9X, PTGS2, CDK8, TAK1, and TAB3 | □ [69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76] |
| miR-1281 | −2.50 | 0.020 | □ Lipid metabolism: in dairy cattle, role in adipogenesis | □ [77] |
| let-7 g | −1.96 | 0.024 | □ Cellular proliferation: targets lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX), caspase-3, and Aurora-B | □ [78,79,80] |
| miR-22-5p | +2.73 | 0.030 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets CDK6, SIRT1, and Sp1 | □ [81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88] |
| miR-497 | +26.16 | 0.031 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets CCNE1, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), represses eIF4E, E3 ubiquitin ligase | □ [89,90,91,92,93] |
| miR-369-3p | +28.57 | 0.015 |
□ Cellular proliferation: targets N-cadherin □ Down-regulates adipogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stromal cells | □ [94, 95] |
| miR-34a | +28.57 | 0.015 |
□ Tumor suppressor: targets CCND1, CDK6, FMNL2 and E2F5; activated by p53 □ Regulates lipid metabolism with HNF4α □ Immune modulatory: targets IL-6 and IL-8 □ Found in bovine milk | □ [96,97,98,99,100,101] |
| miR-144 | +28.78 | 0.015 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets CCNE1, ROCK1, ROCK2, EZH2, TIGAR, AKT3, E2F3, ADAMTS5, ADAM10, RAB14, and c-Met | □ [102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112] |
| miR-146a | +34.36 | 0.018 |
□ Tumor suppressor: targets SOS1 □ Up-regulated by HBV X protein □ Immune modulatory: induced by NF-KB signaling; targets IRAK1 and TRAF6, thus diminishing pro-inflammatory response from TLR signaling | □ [113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120] |
| miR-17-5p | +35.88 | 0.038 |
□ Cellular proliferation: targets SMAD7, FBXO31, E2F1, and c-Myc □ Repressed HCV infection, inversely correlated with HCV treatment response □ HIV-1 Tat C modulates NOX2 and NOX4 via miR-17 □ Immune modulatory: suppresses TLR signaling through IL6 and represses IFN-stimulated MxA expression | □ [121, 122] |