Table 2 Bovine miRNAs up-regulated and down-regulated in cow serum in response to acute FMDV infection

miR-26b

−3.09

0.032

□ Role in adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation

□ Inhibits HBV replication by targeting CHORDC1

□ Inhibits HCV replication in PBMCs

□ Promotes RSV replication by targeting TLR4

□ Tumor suppressor: targets USP9X, PTGS2, CDK8, TAK1, and TAB3

□ [69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]

miR-1281

−2.50

0.020

□ Lipid metabolism: in dairy cattle, role in adipogenesis

□ [77]

let-7 g

−1.96

0.024

□ Cellular proliferation: targets lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX), caspase-3, and Aurora-B

□ [78,79,80]

miR-22-5p

+2.73

0.030

□ Tumor suppressor: targets CDK6, SIRT1, and Sp1

□ [81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88]

miR-497

+26.16

0.031

□ Tumor suppressor: targets CCNE1, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), represses eIF4E, E3 ubiquitin ligase

□ [89,90,91,92,93]

miR-369-3p

+28.57

0.015

□ Cellular proliferation: targets N-cadherin

□ Down-regulates adipogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stromal cells

□ [94, 95]

miR-34a

+28.57

0.015

□ Tumor suppressor: targets CCND1, CDK6, FMNL2 and E2F5; activated by p53

□ Regulates lipid metabolism with HNF4α

□ Immune modulatory: targets IL-6 and IL-8

□ Found in bovine milk

□ [96,97,98,99,100,101]

miR-144

+28.78

0.015

□ Tumor suppressor: targets CCNE1, ROCK1, ROCK2, EZH2, TIGAR, AKT3, E2F3, ADAMTS5, ADAM10, RAB14, and c-Met

□ [102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112]

miR-146a

+34.36

0.018

□ Tumor suppressor: targets SOS1

□ Up-regulated by HBV X protein

□ Immune modulatory: induced by NF-KB signaling; targets IRAK1 and TRAF6, thus diminishing pro-inflammatory response from TLR signaling

□ [113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120]

miR-17-5p

+35.88

0.038

□ Cellular proliferation: targets SMAD7, FBXO31, E2F1, and c-Myc

□ Repressed HCV infection, inversely correlated with HCV treatment response

□ HIV-1 Tat C modulates NOX2 and NOX4 via miR-17

□ Immune modulatory: suppresses TLR signaling through IL6 and represses IFN-stimulated MxA expression

□ [121, 122]