Fig. 6

Schematic representation of the nucleus to cytoplasm NF-κB activation pathway in JCV infection. Infection of glial cells by JCV results in stress leading to NEMO sumoylation in the nucleus ① and activation of the DDR ②, which phosphorylates and activates ATM ③. Activated ATM binds NEMO and leads to phosphorylation of NEMO on Ser85 ④, which is involved in NEMO ubiquitination and export from the nucleus ⑤ to the cytoplasm. ATM and NEMO activate IKK ⑥, which phosphorylates IκB leading to IκB degradation ⑦ and release of NF-κB ⑧ to migrate to the nucleus ⑨. Meanwhile, Rad51 is induced by the DDR ⑩ and associates with nuclear NF-κB ⑪ to activate JCV transcription ⑫