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Fig. 2 | Virology Journal

Fig. 2

From: Intranasal administration of poly-gamma glutamate induced antiviral activity and protective immune responses against H1N1 influenza A virus infection

Fig. 2

γ-PGA reduces the viral load and inflammation in mouse lung during influenza A virus infection. C57BL/6 mice (n = 5 per group) were intranasally inoculated with 1 MLD50 of either PR8 or CA04 viruses. Mice were given either intranasal CpG-ODN 24 h prior to virus inoculation or intranasal γ-PGA 24 h after infection. Mice were killed at 3, 5 or 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), and their lungs were collected for virus titer and histologic analyses. Titers of (a) PR8 and (b) CA04 viruses in the lung were measured at 5, 7, and 9 dpi. c H&E-stained, formalin-fixed lung samples of mice with or without immunomodulator treatment; PBS-only and virus-only negative controls are shown for comparison. Representative sections are shown (magnification, ×100). † indicates p < 0.01 compared to the control group; * p < 0.05 relative to the control group

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Virology Journal

ISSN: 1743-422X