Table 1 RVFV outbreaks in Egypt

1977-1978

No vaccination

RVFV introduced from Africa by infected persons back from

Africa & animals from the Sudan, probably viraemic camels.

Showed historic massive human losses.

Led to the establishment of the endemic state.

RVFV isolation from infected humans and animals

1993-1994

Live attenuated

(Smithburn strain),

Used during

the outbreak

Epizootic and Epidemic. Probably natural infections, beside

Vaccinal strains.

Source of virus from the Sudan by infected ruminants.

Infections encountered in all Egyptian Governorates.

1996-1997

Live attenuated

(Smithburn strain),

Used during

the outbreak

Epizootic and Epidemic. Source of data: literatures, OIE, NAMRU-3

Cairo. Showed human infections among some farmers and veterinarians.

Indicate the failure of the applied vaccination programs.

Showed failure of general authority to face the real situation.

Questionable traceability of the GOVS, *AHRI, *VSVRI.

Importation of infected animals without proper laboratory tests.

2003

Live attenuated

(Smithburn strain),

Used during

the outbreak

Epizootic and Epidemic. Encountered in Nile Delta &

Upper Egypt Governorates. Source of data:

WHO, NAMRU-3 Cairo, Literatures.

Many human losses among farmers. Massive losses in animals.

Indicate the failure of the applied vaccination programs.

Indicate failure of general authority to face the real situation.

Questionable traceability of the GOVS, *AHRI, *VSVRI