Cellular phenotype impacts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R subcellular localization

Table 1 Previous studies within different cell types show different Vpr localization patterns

Cell type	Tag system	Tag end	Other tagged proteins	Time (h)	Localization pattern	Comments	Ref
HeLa	b-Gal	C	--	48	n		[17]
	HA	N	--	48	pn		[21]
	b-Gal	C	--	38	pn, pef
	FLAG	N	--	24	n, pn, pef		[18]
	Untagged	--	--	5	n, pn, pef	VV infection	[60]
	Untagged	--	--	48	n		[73]
	GFP	N	PK	24	c		[74]
	EYFP	N	--	24/48/72	n/n, pef/pef	Time-dependent Vpr localization	[27]
		C	--	24/48/72	n, pef/n, pef/pef
	FLAG	N	--	48	n		[57]
	GFP	C	--	18	pn		[29]
	GFP	C	--	18	n		[16]
	EGFP	N	--	24	n, pef		[58]
		C	--		pn
	mCherry	N	--		pn, pef
		C	--		pn
	EGFP	N	--	24	n, pef		[26]
		C	--		n, pn
	HA	N	--		n, pef
	FLAG	N	IRES + GFP	36	n		[75]
	FLAG	C	PKA, 6His	?	n		[76]
				120	n, pn	Infection
	EGFP	N	--	14	n, pef		[25]
	FLAG	N	--	48	pn, pef		[59]
	FLAG	N	GST (C)	?	n	Micro-injected	[77]
	GFP	N	--	24	n		[78]
	GFP	N	IRES	24	n	Transduction	[79]
	FLAG, YFP	N	--	36, 48	n		[80]
293T	HA	N	--	24	n		[15]
	EGFP	N	--	24	n		[27]
		C	--		pn, pef
	FLAG	N	--	48	pn		[57]
	GFP	N	--	?	n, pn, pef		[44]
	GFP	N	PK	24	c		[20]
COS-7	GFP	N	--	24	n		[78]
	Untagged	N	--	48	n, pn, pef		[81]
	FLAG	N	--	?	pn, m		[13]
HepG2	FLAG	N	--	48	n		[57]
MDM	CMV	N	--	24	n, pn	Transduction	[62]
	GFP	C	--	6	n		[16]
	Alexa-488	N	--	48	n	EC Vpr	[63]
Jurkat	Untagged	--	--	48	n, pn		[61]
Perivascular macrophage	Tg	N	--		n	Tg-Vpr mice	[71]
U-87 MG	ECFP	N	--	24	n, c		[7]

A summary of studies reported in the literature about Vpr localization patterns in different cell lines is reported. Most of the studies have been accomplished in HeLa and 293T cells and results have differed according to the tagging system employed, the posttransfection time point, and/or location of the tag (at either the amino- or carboxyl-terminus). Very few studies have utilized other cell types relevant to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Abbreviations are as follows: CMV: cytomegalovirus, EC: extracellular, ECFP: enhanced cyan fluorescent protein, EYFP, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, FLAG: DYKDDDDK (proprietary tag, Sigma, St. Louis, MO), β-gal: galactosidase, GFP: green fluorescent protein, GST, glutathione S-transferase, HA: hemagglutinin, IRES: internal ribosomal entry site, PK: pyruvate kinase, PKA: protein kinase A, Tg: transgenic, VV: vaccinia virus. Localization patterns are abbreviated as follows: n: nuclear, pn: perinuclear, pef: punctate extranuclear foci, c: cytoplasmic, m: mitochondrial.

ISSN: 1743-422X