Table 1 Examples of influenza virus-like particle production
Influenza viral protein | Influenza strain | DNA vector system | Cell expression platform | Purification | Characterization quantification | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HA,NA, M1, M2 | A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) | rBV | Sf9 insect cells | Partial purification and concentration by ultracentrifugation/Iodixanol and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/WB/SDS Page | [19] |
HA (H2/H7/H5) NA, M1 | A/Indonesia/05/2005(H5N1) | rBV | Sf9 insect cells | Sucrose step gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/Quantitative-WB/SDS Page/SRID assay/Hemagglutination assay | [20] |
A/Swine/Missouri/4296424/2006 (H2N3) | ||||||
A/New York/107/2003 (H7N2) | ||||||
A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 (H5N1) | ||||||
HA, NA, M1 | A/HongKong/1073/99 (H9N2) | rBV | Sf9 insect cells | Partial purification and concentration by ultracentrifugation/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/Quantitative WB/SDS Page/Neuraminidase activity/Hemagglutination assay | [13] |
HA, M1 | A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) | rBV | Sf9 insect cells | Partial purification and concentration by ultracentrifugation/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/WB/SDS Page/Hemagglutination assay | [21] |
A/WSN/33 | ||||||
HA, NA, M1 | A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2) | rBV | Sf9 insect cells | Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation/Ion-exchange chromatography | EM/WB/SDS Page/TBA Neuraminidase assay/Hemagglutination assay/SRID assay | |
A/Indonesia/5/2005 (H5N1) | ||||||
HA, M1 | HA: A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) | rBV | Sf9 & BTI-TN5B1-4 insect cells | Partial purification and concentration by ultracentrifugation/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/Quantitative WB/SDS Page/Hemagglutination assay | [16] |
M1: A/Udorn/307/1972 (H3N2) | ||||||
NA | A/Cambodia/JP52a/2005 (H5N1) | pCDNA plasmid | HEK 293T – HeLa – A549 mammalian cells | Partial purification and concentration by sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/Quantitative WB/SDS Page/NA Star Neuraminidase assay | [24] |
HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS2, PB1, PB2, PA | A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) | pCAGGS plasmid | HEK 293T & HeLa mammalian cells | Partial purification and concentration by sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/Quantitative WB/SDS Page/VLP infectivity assay (transfer of GFP-expressing pseudogene) | [25] |
HA, NA, M2 | A/Chicken/FPV/Rostock/1934 (H7N1) | MLV GagPol | HEK 293T & TE671 human cells | Partial purification and concentration by sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation | Quantitative WB/SDS Page | |
A/Thailand/KAN-1/04 (H5N1) | ||||||
HA, NA, M1 | A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) | rMVA vector | Vero monkey cells | Partial Purification and concentration by filtration with 100kDa molecular weight cut off/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/WB/SDS Page/Hemagglutination assay | [28] |
A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) | ||||||
HA, NA, M1 | A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) | rBV | HEK 293T human cells | Partial purification and concentration by sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation/Precipitation by ultracentrifugation | BCA Total protein assay/WB/SDS Page/Hemagglutination assay | [17] |
HA, M1 | A/Indonesia/5/05 (H5N1) | rAgrobacterium | N. benthamiana plant cells | Centrifugation/Affinity chromatography | EM/WB/SDS Page/Total protein analysis Lipid analysis/Hemagglutination assay | [29] |
A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) | ||||||
HA, NA, M1, M2 | A/Taiwian/083/2006 (H3N2) | pC14 plasmid | Vero monkey cells | Partial purification and concentration by sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation/Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | EM/WB/SDS Page/Total protein analysis/Hemagglutination assay/Dynamic Light Scattering/LC-MS/MS | |
A/Hanoi/30408/2005 (H5N1) |