Table 1 Baseline characteristics and clinical data after hospitalization of study population

Demographic data

Sex, male, n (%)

111 (58%)

99 (59%)

12 (52%)

0.517

Age (years)

69 (59–78)

69 (57–77)

82 (69–88)

0.001*

Co-morbidities

Hypertension, n (%)

80 (42%)

67 (40%)

13 (57%)

0.135

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

42 (22%)

33 (20%)

9 (39%)

0.036*

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

35 (18%)

31(19%)

4(17%)

0.892

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

29 (15%)

21(13%)

8 (35%)

0.005*

COPD, n (%)

22 (12%)

20 (12%)

2 (9%)

0.638

Liver disease, n (%)

29 (15%)

25 (15%)

4 (17%)

0.762

Kidney disease, n (%)

26 (14%)

20 (12%)

6 (26%)

0.065

Malignant tumor, n (%)

26 (14%)

22 (13%)

4 (17%)

0.581

Vital signs

Body temperature, ℃

36.6 (36.2–37.0)

36.6 (36.2–37.0)

37.5 (37.0–38.0)

< 0.001*

RR, breaths/min

20 (20–23)

20 (20–22)

25 (22–30)

< 0.001*

HR, beats/min

87 (78–99)

86 (78–98)

98 (83–104)

0.035*

SBP, mmHg

130 (119–144)

130 (120–144)

127 (114–137)

0.219

Arterial blood gas

PH

7.418 (7.395–7.441)

7.419 (7.397–7.440)

7.410(7.370–7.463)

0.924

PaCO₂, mmHg

37.9 (34.0-40.5)

37.9 (34.5–40.7)

37.4 (27.1–39.9)

0.200

PaO₂, mmHg

96.0 (76.7–110.0)

96.3 (80.5–110.0)

75.2 (58.5-108.3)

0.029*

SpO₂, %

98.2 (96.3–99.0)

98.3 (96.9–99.0)

95.6 (92.9–99.3)

0.027*

PaO₂/FiO₂, mmHg

282 (207–330)

290 (232–333)

115 (70–215)

< 0.001*

COVID-19 severity class, n (%)

< 0.001*

Mild illness

83 (44%)

81 (49%)

2 (9%)

Moderate illness

61 (32%)

61 (37%)

0 (0)

Severe/critical illness

46 (24%)

25 (15%)

21 (91%)

Clinical scoring system

sSOFA

1 (1–2)

1 (1–2)

1 (1–2)

0.031*

eSOFA

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

1 (1–3)

< 0.001*

qSOFA

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

2 (2–2)

< 0.001*

SOFA

3 (2–4)

2 (2–3)

5 (4–6)

< 0.001*

NEWS2

4 (2–7)

3 (2–5)

9 (8–11)

< 0.001*

PSI risk class

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

5 (4–5)

< 0.001*

PSI

91(38)

84 (30)

147(43)

< 0.001*

COVID-GRAM

128 (99–150)

122 (95–143)

171 (157–193)

< 0.001*

CURB-65

1 (0–2)

1 (0–1)

3 (3–4)

< 0.001*

Laboratory parameters

Presepsin, pg/mL

275 (169–536)

245 (165–437)

817 (689–1117)

< 0.001*

PCT, ng/mL

0.07 (0.05–0.17)

0.07 (0.05–0.13)

0.34 (0.12–0.88)

< 0.001*

CRP, mg/L

18.85 (4.90–51.90)

15.5 (4.5–45.8)

68.3 (36.2-103.2)

< 0.001*

HGB, g/L

125 (109–138)

126 (110–138)

123 (104–130)

0.246

WBC count, ×10⁹/L

4.85 (3.77–6.58)

4.78 (3.77–6.46)

5.66 (4.60–7.20)

0.153

Neutrophils count, ×10⁹/L

3.37 (2.27–5.09)

3.32 (2.25–4.81)

4.73 (2.80–6.83)

0.075

Lymphocytes count, ×10⁹/L

0.93 (0.66–1.30)

0.97 (0.72–1.34)

0.66 (0.39–0.94)

0.004*

INR

1.05 (1.01–1.14)

1.05 (1.01–1.13)

1.08 (1.01–1.22)

0.315

D-dimer, mg/L

203 (9-471)

193 (10–377)

464 (1.3–985)

0.074

Glucose, mmol/L

6.7 (6.0-7.8)

6.7 (6.0-7.6)

7.4 (6.4–10.5)

0.030*

ALT, U/L

19 (13–28)

19 (13–28)

23 (18–27)

0.311

AST, U/L

24 (18–33)

22 (17–30)

37 (22–55)

< 0.001*

TBIL, µ mol/L

10 (8–15)

10 (8–15)

11 (10–17)

0.111

DBIL, µ mol/L

3.9 (2.6–6.5)

3.7 (2.5–6.2)

6.2 (4.2–7.7)

0.006*

CAR

0.538 (0.136–1.636)

0.398 (0.125–1.266)

2.020 (1.175–3.360)

< 0.001*

BCDIMs

NLR

3.54 (2.09–6.74)

3.41 (2.08–5.98)

5.92 (4.02–9.19)

0.006*

MLR

0.40 (0.26–0.70)

0.40 (0.27–0.65)

0.52 (0.33–0.86)

0.064

PLR

159 (116–231)

152 (115–224)

182 (156–323)

0.083

LCR

0.046 (0.015–0.197)

0.066 (0.020–0.213)

0.011 (0.005–0.018)

< 0.001*

SIRI

1.306 (0.668–3.240)

1.245 (0.663–2.929)

2.661 (1.221–5.156)

0.048*

SII

490 (296–1022)

476 (288–905)

1022 (480–1242)

0.025*