Table 1 Roles of RNA virus-derived components in cGAS-STING signaling

Spike

SARS-CoV-2

Activating

Inducing cell fusion and damaging nuclei

[8, 46]

Inducing cGAS-STING-mediated NF-κB activation

[91]

ORF3a

SARS-CoV-2

Inhibiting

Binding STING and blocking the nuclear accumulation of p65 to inhibit NF-κB signaling

[48]

Disrupting STING-LC3 interaction

[34]

Inhibiting cGAS-STING-mediated autophagy

[92]

ORF9b

SARS-CoV-2

Inhibiting

Interacting with STING and impeding IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation

[47]

ORF10

SARS-CoV-2

Inhibiting

Interacting with STING, inhibiting STING-TBK1 interaction and STING ER-Golgi translocation

[9]

Impairing STING-mediated autophagy

[9]

3CL

SARS-CoV-2

Inhibiting

Inhibiting K63-ubiquitin modification of STING (required for NF-κB activation)

[48, 93]

Vif

HIV

Inhibiting

Inhibiting K63-linked ubiquitination of STING and reduced the production of IFN-I

[32]

Vpx

HIV

Inhibiting

Suppressing cGAS-STING-mediated NF-κB signaling

[94]

Vpr

HIV

Inhibiting

Interfering with the degradation of IκBα to suppress cGAS-STING mediated NF-κB signaling

[57]

Vpu

HIV

Inhibiting

Disrupting the recruitment of IκBβ to hinder the the nuclear translocation of p65

[58]

NS4B

HCV

Inhibiting

Impairing STING-TBK1 interaction to silence the interferon signaling

[60]

Targeting STING and abrogating RIG-I-mediated IFN-I response

[61]

NS2B3

ZIKV

Inhibiting

In a protease cleavage-dependent manner

[64]

DENV

Cleaving cGAS in the N-terminal region

[95]

NS2B

DENV

Inhibiting

Targeting the cGAS for lysosomal degradation

[75]

PLP

SARS-CoV-2

Inhibiting

Binding STING and inhibited its ubiquitination

[50]

Coronavirus

In an autophagy-dependent manner

[81]