Table 1 List of treatments for COVID-19

Melatonin

Hormone with anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties

Broad-range of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, sleep disturbances, chronic fatigue syndrome, infectious diseases, etc

The reduction of infection-associated oxidative stress, the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, the promotion of adaptive immune activity, and the decrease of immunosuppression induced by sleep deprivation and chronic stress

[169]

Sarilumab

Human mAb against IL-6 receptor

Rheumatoid arthritis

By inhibiting IL-6 receptor signaling

[170]

Siltuximab

Anti-IL-6 mAb

Multicentric Castleman disease

The prevention of the binding of IL-6 to both soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptors and the inhibition of IL-6 signaling

[170]

Dapagliflozin

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor

Diabetes and heart failure

The increase of the ACE2 level, the reduction of the viral load, and the prevention of the lowering of cytosolic pH

[171]

Fedratinib

JAK2 inhibitor

Myelofibrosis

The prevention of the deteriorating results of Th17 associated cytokine storm by inhibiting the generation of some Th17 signature cytokines

[172]

Ruxolitinib

JAK1/2 inhibitor

Polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis

The reduction of systemic inflammation by mitigating exuberant cytokine storm

[173]

Acalabrutinib

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor

B-cell malignancies

Modulation of inflammation-promoting signaling

[174]

Ibrutinib

BTK inhibitor

B-cell malignancies

The reduction of inflammation

[175]

Zanubrutinib

BTK inhibitor

Mantle cell lymphoma

Modulation of inflammation-promoting signaling

[176]

Statins

3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase inhibitors

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

The modulation of virus entry by acting on the CD147 and ACE2 receptors, the regulation of virus replication or degradation by inducing autophagy activation, and the limitation of cytokine storm by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes and NF‐κB

[177]

Cyclosporine

Calcineurin inhibitor

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or interstitial lung disease

The prevention of the replication of SARS-CoV-2, un-controlled inflammatory response, and acute lung injury

[178]

Sofosbuvir + Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir + Ledipasvir

RdRp inhibitors

Hepatitis C

The termination of the RNA synthesis process by incorporating into the RNA chain

[179]

Galidesivir

RdRp inhibitor

Ebola

The inhibition of viral replication by premature termination of RNA transcription

[180]

Leflunomide

Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor

Autoimmune diseases

Direct targeting the DHODH (host de-novo pyrimidine synthesis enzyme), and hence the inhibition of viral RNA genome replication

[181]

Adalimumab

mAb, tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor

Hidradenitis suppurativa

The inhibition of the TNF-α cytokine

[182]

Bevacizumab

mAb, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor

Cancer

The improvement of oxygen perfusion and anti-inflammatory response by inhibiting the VEGF and its receptor

[183]

Camrelizumab

mAb, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) immune checkpoint inhibitor

Relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma

The prevention of T cell death, the regulation of cytokine production and the reduction of organ dysfunction by blockade of PD‐1

[184]

Eculizumab

mAb, anti- complement 5 (C5)

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and atypical (complement-mediated) HUS (aHUS)

The inhibition of complement-mediated acute kidney injury by suppressing C5

[185]

Sirolimus, also known as Rapamycin

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway inhibitor

Tuberous sclerosis

Inhibits the proliferation of effector T-cell and promotes the accumulation of T_reg. It can decrease damage from the immune during COVID-19 infection

[186]

Telmisartan, Losartan

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Hypertension

The binding to the AT1 receptor and its irreversible block, the prevention of SARS‐CoV‐2 interaction with the ACE2 catalytic site

[187]

Valsartan

Nonpeptide angiotensin receptor antagonist

Chronic symptomatic heart failure

The block of the receptor of angiotensin II and maximize the anti-inflammatory properties of an increased natriuretic peptide system

[188]

Captopril

ACE inhibitor

Hypertension

The increase of ACE2 levels and promote the anti-inflammatory RAS axis in the lung

[189]

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)

Glutathione precursor with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties

Substance use disorders

The lowering mucus viscosity and the regulation of redox state due to restoring thiol pools

[190]

Bromhexine

TMPRSS2 inhibitor

Mucolytic cough suppressant

The inhibition of TMPRSS2-specific viral entry

[191]

Vitamin C

Antioxidant

Viral infections

The inhibition of cytokine storm, the promotion of innate antiviral immunological response, the prevention of excessive inflammatory response, the reduction of lung inflammation and injury, and the restoring of endothelial function

[192]

Vitamin D

Secosteroid

Supplements

The inhibition of expression of inflammatory cytokines like L-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α

[193]

Curcumin

Natural polyphenolic compound

Food consumption

The inhibition of the entry of the virus, the suppression of assembling of the virus and viral protease, and the modulation of different cellular signaling pathways

[194]