Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion by immunor (IM28)

Background Immunor (IM28), an analog of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) by inhibiting reverse transcriptase. We assessed the ability of IM28 to inhibit the cell-cell fusion mediated by HIV envelope glycoprotein in an in vitro system. For this purpose, we co-cultured TF228.1.16, a T-cell line expressing stably HIV-1 glycoprotein envelopes, with an equal number of 293/CD4+, another T cell line expressing CD4, and with the SupT1 cell line with or without IM28. Results In the absence of IM28, TF228.1.16 fused with 293/CD4+, inducing numerous large syncytia. Syncytia appeared more rapidly when TF228.1.16 was co-cultured with SupT1 cells than when it was co-cultured with the 293/CD4+ cell line. IM28 (1.6 – 45 μg/ml) completely inhibits cell-cell fusion. IM28 also prevented the development of new syncytia in infected cells and protected naive SupT1 cells from HIV-1 infection. Evaluation of 50% inhibitory dose (IC50) of IM28 revealed a decrease in HIV-1 replication with an IC50 of 22 mM and 50% cytotoxicity dose (CC50) as determined on MT2 cells was 75 mM giving a selectivity index of 3.4 Conclusions These findings suggest that IM28 exerts an inhibitory action on the env proteins that mediate cell-cell fusion between infected and healthy cells. They also suggest that IM28 interferes with biochemical processes to stop the progression of existing syncytia. This property may lead to the development of a new class of therapeutic drug.


Background
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein is composed of two subunits: a surface glycoprotein (gp120) and a trans-membrane glycoprotein (gp41). These two subunits interact with each other in a non covalent manner. Gp120 is critical for attachment to host cell CD4 receptors, whereas gp41 contains the fusion sequence. HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) require a co-receptor in addition to CD4 for entry into cells. Primary HIV can use a broad range of co-receptor molecules, including CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, CCR4 and CXCR4 [1][2][3]. However, expression of a co-receptor together with CD4 on some cell types does not confer susceptibility to infection [1]. Not all human cell types that express an appropriate co-receptor support virus replication, indicating that other factors that affect viral tropism are present. HIV-1 viral entry is inhibited in the presence of the ligands to these chemokine receptors. RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β, all of which are ligands for CCR5, inhibit macrophage-tropic isolates, whereas SDF-1, the specific ligand for CXCR4, inhibits entry by T-cell-tropic isolates [4][5][6]. The ability of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to induce cell-cell fusion is an interesting property because molecules that inhibit the fusion process are possible antiviral drugs and may lead to the identification of important functional regions either on the viral glycoprotein or on cell membranes. A hydrophobic, 25-amino acid, conserved segment located at the N-terminus of gp41 and gp120/41 has been shown to be involved in the fusion reaction between the viral envelope and the host cell plasma membrane [7,8]. There is evidence suggesting that this sequence is also involved in the cytopathic process underlying HIV-1 infection of target cells [9,10]. Exposure of this hydrophobic peptide to the aqueous environment in the vicinity of the target cell initially depends on gp120/41 function [11]. This protein is activated after interacting with primary receptor CD4. This activation requires the presence of human co-factors [12,13]. According to this model, further interaction of the fusion peptide to bind membrane lipid with the cell membrane depends mainly on the ability of the peptide to bind membrane lipid components. Hence, drugs that are able to interfere with membrane proteins became relevant for the therapy of HIV, even though it is still important to inhibit virus replication. We have previously shown that IM28 can inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity [14]. Here, we assessed its capacity to inhibit the fusion of HIV-1-infected cells to naive cells. We found that IM28 was able to inhibit cell-cell fusion in an in vitro system. We showed that IM28 significantly blocks HIV-1 glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion.

Results
We determined the concentrations of various drugs required to inhibit and to partially inhibit the fusion of TF228.1.16 and 293/CD4+ (Table 1). All these drugs decreased the percentage of surface covered by syncytia. The concentration of IM28 (6.43 µg/ml) that inhibited the formation of syncytia was similar to that of DXSF 500 000 (3.52 µg/ml) ( Table 1). There were no statistical differences between the inhibitory concentrations of any of the drugs tested and IM28. To confirm these observations, we used SupT1 cells because fusion takes place more rap-idly in these cells. These cells were mixed with TF22.1.16 cells in the presence or absence of dexamethasone or IM28 and fusion was examined by light microscopy after various periods of co-cultivation. In the absence of dexamethasone or IM28, TF228. Indeed, in the presence of 0.5 µg/ml dexamethasone or IM28, time of incubation had no effect on syncytia formation. This concentration of dexamethasone or IM28 did not result in the lysis of existing syncytia but stopped the fusion reaction and the appearance of new syncytia (Figure 3). The time of incubation did not affect the inhibition of syncytia in the presence of dexamethasone, but did have an effect for 0.5 µg/ml IM28. In addition, the highest concentration (> 0.5 µg/ml) of both drugs completely inhibited syncytia formation. At this concentration of dexamethasone, the inhibition of syncytia was accompanied by cell death bursting (Figure 4), whereas the same concentration of IM28 did not lead to the burst ( Figure 4).
To further characterize the biological effect of the drug, the 50% inhibitory dose (IC50) and the cytotoxic dose (CC50) of IM28 were evaluated and the selectivity index which is the CC50/IC50 ratio was determined. The decrease in HIV-1 replication was obtained with an IC50   After 24 h of co-culture in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (10 mg/ ml), three random fields of cells were photographed and the percentage fusion was determined as described in Table 1. . It is possible that the interaction between gp120 and CD4 specifically modifies the cell membrane locally, preparing it for fusion. We hypothesize that the gp120-CD4-co-receptor complex activates PLA2 through protein kinase C (PKC) and plays a critical role in the fusion of the membrane phospholipids of the host cells and gp41 before viral entry. Indeed, the complex formed by CD4 and p56lck acts as the major receptor for HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV, delivering intracellular activating signals. This complex binds to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Following this binding, chemokine engagement appears to be required to generate the fusion active form of the envelope protein. This may involve the formation of a gp120-CD4-chemokine receptor complex, in which engagement of the chemokine receptor is dependent on a CD4-induced conformational change in env gp120 [26-28] as previously defined for the number of parameters contributing to fusion, i.e., fusion glycoproteins and the host-cell receptors [29]. However, Effect of IM28 on fusion of TF228.1.16 cells with SupT1 cells. After 24 h of co-culture in the presence or absence of corticosteroids (dexamethasone or IM28) (10 µg/ml), three random fields of cells were photographed and the percentage fusion was determined as described in Table 1. Effect of IM28 and dexamethasone on SupT1 cells co-cul-tured with TF228.1.16.

Figure 4
Effect of IM28 and dexamethasone on SupT1 cells co-cultured with TF228.1.16. Zoom of negative photomicrograph of SupT1 cultures co-cultivated with TF 228.1.16 cells (A) in the presence of dexamethasone (B) and IM28. Note the evident syncytia in (A) with an apparent slender shape of infected cells. Cells treated with dexamethasone were atrophic and sometimes exploded whereas cells incubated with IM28 were round.
further investigations are required to determine the real binding site of IM28. It is possible that IM28 acts on virus replication to inhibit existing syncytia, as previously reported [14]. Therefore, although the biochemical basis of this phenomenon remains to be discovered, IM28 prevents and inhibits the cell-cell fusion induced by HIV-1, giving it additional beneficial effects. Since differential ability to incorporate or maintain envelope on the virion might account for the differences in cell-to-cell versus cellfree infections in primary isolates, further studies with a more quantitative assay available for determining fusion inhibition as previously described [33,34] may also provide us with a greater understanding of the HIV-1 envelope structure and the HIV entry process.

Conclusion
In conclusion, our data show that IM28, a potent new analog of DHEA, is able to prevent and to inhibit cell-cell fusion, an important step at the beginning of HIV infection of naive cells, this drug seems to display the required properties for an anti-HIV drug.

Cell lines
Three cell lines were used: TF228. cells is expressed as a function of concentration and was compared with the inhibitory activity of the above mentioned compounds that interact with the HIV envelope protein. Fusion was examined by light microscopy after co-cultivation for 32 h. The percentage fusion is the ratio of cell surface involved in syncytia to the total cell surface. Syncytia were defined as giant cells, with diameters more than four times bigger than those of single cells. Percentage fusion was divided into three classes: 56-00% of the surface covered by syncytial = fusion; partial inhibition of fusion: < 10% of the surface is covered by syncytial = P; inhibition of syncytia formation = I.

Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett' test. All analyses were performed using the Graph-Pad Prism ® computer program. Only P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Authors' contributions
D M coordinated and participated in the design of the study, statistical analysis and the drafting of the manuscript. V P-M carried out and participated in the biological tests. M-Y A carried out and participated in the biological tests. B O carried out and participated in the biological tests. E M participated in the design of the study, carried out the biological tests and participated in the drafting of the manuscript.