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  1. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously named 2019-nCov), a novel coronavirus that emerged in China in December 2019 and was dec...

    Authors: Sumanth Khadke, Nayla Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Ryan Ratts, Shine Raju, Molly Gallogly, Marcos de Lima and Muhammad Rizwan Sohail

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:154

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  2. Human pegivirus (HPgV)—formerly known as GBV-C—is a member of the Flaviviridae family and belongs to the species Pegivirus C. It is a non-pathogenic virus and is transmitted among humans mainly through the exposu...

    Authors: Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva, Clayton Pereira Silva, Rafael Ribeiro Barata, Pedro Victor Reis da Silva, Patrícia Danin Jordão Monteiro, Letícia Lamarão, Rommel Mário Rodríguez Burbano, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes and Patrícia Danielle Lima de Lima

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:153

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  3. Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae causes pseudocowpox in cattle worldwide and presents a zoonotic concern. Most poxviruses produce diseases of similar clinical signs in ...

    Authors: Maureen Wakwamba Ziba, Chanda Chitala, Tirumala Bharani K. Settypalli, Malama Mumba, Giovanni Cattoli, Paul Fandamu and Charles Euloge Lamien

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:152

    Content type: Research

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  4. Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory disease with a high mortality rate in humans. During large outbreaks of the viral disease, serological te...

    Authors: Shumpei Watanabe, Shuetsu Fukushi, Toshihiko Harada, Masayuki Shimojima, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Takeshi Kurosu, Yoshihiro Kaku, Shigeru Morikawa and Masayuki Saijo

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:151

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  5. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Erlin Wang, Yunshuang Ye, Ke Zhang, Jinlong Yang, Daohua Gong, Jianhua Zhang, Shijun Hong, Huan Zhang, Lihong Li, Guijun Chen, Liping Yang, Jianmei Liu, Hanyu Cao, Ting Du, Nigel W. Fraser, Le Cheng…

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:150

    Content type: Correction

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    The original article was published in Virology Journal 2020 17:95

  6. In plants, the RNA silencing system functions as an antiviral defense mechanism following its induction with virus-derived double-stranded RNAs. This occurs through the action of RNA silencing components, incl...

    Authors: Joon Kwon, Atsushi Kasai, Tetsuo Maoka, Chikara Masuta, Teruo Sano and Kenji S. Nakahara

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:149

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  7. The first cases of African swine fever (ASF) were detected in the Lithuanian wild boar population in 2014. Since then, the disease spread slowly through the whole country, affecting both, wild boar and domesti...

    Authors: Arnoldas Pautienius, Katja Schulz, Christoph Staubach, Juozas Grigas, Ruta Zagrabskaite, Jurate Buitkuviene, Rolandas Stankevicius, Zaneta Streimikyte, Vaidas Oberauskas, Dainius Zienius, Algirdas Salomskas, Carola Sauter-Louis and Arunas Stankevicius

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:148

    Content type: Short report

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  8. The vaginal microbiota has been reported to be associated with HPV infection and cervical cancer. This study was performed to compare the vaginal microbiota at two timepoints in women performing self-sampling ...

    Authors: Malin Berggrund, Inger Gustavsson, Riina Aarnio, Julia Hedlund Lindberg, Karin Sanner, Ingrid Wikström, Stefan Enroth, Ignas Bunikis, Matts Olovsson and Ulf Gyllensten

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:147

    Content type: Research

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  9. An effective vaccine that prevents disease caused by hantaviruses is a global public health priority, but up to now, no vaccine has been approved for worldwide use. Therefore, novel vaccines with high prophyla...

    Authors: Ying Ma, Kang Tang, Yusi Zhang, Chunmei Zhang, Linfeng Cheng, Fanglin Zhang, Ran Zhuang, Boquan Jin and Yun Zhang

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:146

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  11. The basic reproduction number (R0) is the number of cases directly caused by an infected individual throughout his infectious period. R0 is used to determine the ability of a disease to spread within a given p...

    Authors: Samath Dharmaratne, Supun Sudaraka, Ishanya Abeyagunawardena, Kasun Manchanayake, Mahen Kothalawala and Wasantha Gunathunga

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:144

    Content type: Research

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  12. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by a pathogen called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic. ...

    Authors: Mulugeta Kiros, Henok Andualem, Teklehaimanot Kiros, Wasihun Hailemichael, Sisay Getu, Alene Geteneh, Derbie Alemu and Woldaregay Erku Abegaz

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:143

    Content type: Review

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  13. Infections caused by protozoan parasites burden the world with huge costs in terms of human and animal health. Most parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are neglected, particularly those associated with pov...

    Authors: Paul Barrow, Jean Claude Dujardin, Nicolas Fasel, Alex D. Greenwood, Klaus Osterrieder, George Lomonossoff, Pier Luigi Fiori, Robert Atterbury, Matteo Rossi and Marco Lalle

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:142

    Content type: Review

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  14. The COVID-19 causing coronavirus is an enveloped RNA virus that utilizes an enzyme RNA dependent RNA polymerase for its replication. Favipiravir (FVP) triphosphate, a purine nucleoside analog, inhibits that en...

    Authors: Dhan Bahadur Shrestha, Pravash Budhathoki, Sitaram Khadka, Prajwol Bikram Shah, Nisheem Pokharel and Prama Rashmi

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:141

    Content type: Research

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  15. Coronaviruses (CoVs) were long thought to only cause mild respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans but outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SA...

    Authors: Johanna Signer, Hulda R. Jonsdottir, Werner C. Albrich, Marc Strasser, Roland Züst, Sarah Ryter, Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann, Nicole Lenz, Denise Siegrist, Andreas Suter, Roland Schoop and Olivier B. Engler

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:136

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

    The Author Correction to this article has been published in Virology Journal 2020 17:172

  16. Despite available treatments, a prophylactic HCV vaccine is needed to achieve elimination targets. HCV vaccine development has faltered largely because the extreme diversity of the virus limits the protective ...

    Authors: Alexander I. Mosa, Mounir G. AbouHaidar, Richard A. Urbanowicz, John E. Tavis, Jonathan K. Ball and Jordan J. Feld

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:140

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  18. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed significant threats to international health. The genetic traits as well as evol...

    Authors: Wei Hou

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:138

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  19. Recent study has shown that the C-terminal portion of 3A (amino acids (aa) 81–153) is not essential for foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cell culture, however, the complete C-terminal portion (aa 77...

    Authors: Pinghua Li, Xueqing Ma, Xingwen Bai, Pu Sun, Hong Yuan, Yimei Cao, Kun Li, Huifang Bao, Yuanfang Fu, Jing Zhang, Yingli Chen, Dong Li, Zhiyong Li, Zengjun Lu and Zaixin Liu

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:137

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  20. African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic pigs. The analysis of variable regions of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome led to more genotypic and ser...

    Authors: Patrick N. Bisimwa, Juliette R. Ongus, Christian K. Tiambo, Eunice M. Machuka, Espoir B. Bisimwa, Lucilla Steinaa and Roger Pelle

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:135

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  21. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Renxian Tang, Fanyun Kong, Lina Hu, Hongjuan You, Peng Zhang, Weidong Du and Kuiyang Zheng

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:134

    Content type: Correction

    Published on:

    The original article was published in Virology Journal 2012 9:163

  22. Sheeppox and goatpox are both economically important animal diseases in which pathogens are goatpox virus (GTPV) and sheeppox virus (SPPV). They can’t cause cross-species infection between sheep and goats in g...

    Authors: Chuanchuan He, Jianjun Tong, Xueping Zhang, Milikaimu Tuohetiniyazi, Yu Zhang and Youwen Li

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:133

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Virology Journal 2021 18:108

  23. Chronic hepatitis B has become a major public health problem in China. An accurate depiction of the disease burden has not yet been thoroughly conducted. We aimed to project the disease burden of chronic hepat...

    Authors: Yang Zheng, Jie Wu, Cheng Ding, Kaijin Xu, Shigui Yang and Lanjuan Li

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:132

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  24. The Covid19 infection is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a novel member of the coronavirus (CoV) family. CoV genomes code for a ORF1a / ORF1ab polyprotein and four structural proteins widely studied as major d...

    Authors: Christian Jean Michel, Claudine Mayer, Olivier Poch and Julie Dawn Thompson

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:131

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  25. New strategies are urgently needed to deal with the growing problem of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. As the natural viruses against bacteria, recently, bacteriophages have received particular attent...

    Authors: Feng Wang, Yan Xiong, Yao Xiao, Jian Han, Xianyu Deng and Lianbing Lin

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:130

    Content type: Short report

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  26. Currently, one of the most reliable methods for viral infection detection are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays. This process is time and resource heavy, requiring multiple steps of lysis, extractio...

    Authors: Zachary P. Morehouse, Caleb M. Proctor, Gabriella L. Ryan and Rodney J. Nash

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:129

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  27. Heterozygosity at HLA class I loci is generally considered beneficial for host defense. We report here an element of HLA class I homozygosity that may or may not help preserve its existence in populations but ...

    Authors: Eliana E. Ochoa, Ruksana Huda, Steven F. Scheibel, Joan E. Nichols, David J. Mock, Nayef El-Daher, Frank M. Domurat and Norbert J. Roberts Jr

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:128

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  28. There has been little published data on estimates of HBV and/or HCV coinfection in HIV-positive patients in China or an understanding of how this coinfection varies with different factors. Therefore, this stud...

    Authors: Songxia Yu, Chengbo Yu, Jian Li, Shiming Liu, Haowen Wang and Min Deng

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:127

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  29. The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been dramatically reduced in China after sufficient vaccine coverage. The live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine SA14–14-2 is believed to have...

    Authors: Xiaoyan Zheng, Xiaozheng Yu, Yan Wang, Lance Turtle, Min Cui, Ran Wang and Chenghong Yin

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:126

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  30. We recently reported the development of the first African green monkey (AGM) model for COVID-19 based on a combined liquid intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to severe acute respiratory syndro...

    Authors: Robert W. Cross, Krystle N. Agans, Abhishek N. Prasad, Viktoriya Borisevich, Courtney Woolsey, Daniel J. Deer, Natalie S. Dobias, Joan B. Geisbert, Karla A. Fenton and Thomas W. Geisbert

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:125

    Content type: Short report

    Published on:

  31. Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasing in prevalence, with current estimates suggesting that over 100,000 people in the United States are affected each year. It is unclear how certain spe...

    Authors: Cody Glickman, Sara M. Kammlade, Nabeeh A. Hasan, L. Elaine Epperson, Rebecca M. Davidson and Michael Strong

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:124

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  32. Bilateral herpes zoster (BHZ) is an atypical presentation of herpes zoster (HZ), with few cases reported before. Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) is an uncommon complication of VZV infection. Cases of BHZ with RHS i...

    Authors: Siqi Dai, Xiaowen Huang, Yuxiang Chen, Menglei Wang, Huanxin Zheng, Kang Zeng and Li Li

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:123

    Content type: Case Report

    Published on:

  33. Severe fever and thrombocytopenia bunyavirus (SFTSV) infection causes severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome with high mortality. It is extremely rare that a transmitting tick can be directly captured in b...

    Authors: Yongxi Tong, Qiujing Wang, Yongfeng Fu, Shibo Li, Zhao Zhang, Zheen Zhang and Xuewen Yu

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:122

    Content type: Case Report

    Published on:

  34. The protective efficacy of avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccines is unsatisfactory due to the presence of various serotypes generated by genetic reassortment. Thus, immunization with a polyantigen chimeric epit...

    Authors: Lei Yu, Jun Pan, Guangli Cao, Mengsheng Jiang, Yunshan Zhang, Min Zhu, Zi Liang, Xing Zhang, Xiaolong Hu, Renyu Xue and Chengliang Gong

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:121

    Content type: Research

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  35. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes asymptomatic infections, but also causes congenital infections when women were infected with HCMV during pregnancy, and life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised patien...

    Authors: Miho Shibamura, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Souichi Yamada, Takuya Inagaki, Phu Hoang Anh Nguyen, Hikaru Fujii, Shizuko Harada, Shuetsu Fukushi, Akira Oka, Masashi Mizuguchi and Masayuki Saijo

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:120

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  36. Acute respiratory infections are a common disease in children with high mortality and morbidity. Multiple pathogens can cause acute respiratory infections. A 2-year survey of hospitalized children was conducte...

    Authors: Min Gao, Xing Yao, Wei Mao, Cuifen Shen, Zongxin Zhang, Qiuling Huang, Dawei Cui, Haiyan Sun and Weihua Zou

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:119

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  37. Dengue fever (DF) is an arthropod-borne disease caused by dengue virus (DENV). DENV is a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Recently, DENV has been reported as an important emerging infect...

    Authors: Mawahib H. Eldigail, Hazem A. Abubaker, Fatima A. Khalid, Tajeldin M. Abdallah, Hassan H. Musa, Mohamed E. Ahmed, Gamal K. Adam, Mustafa I. Elbashir and Imadeldin E. Aradaib

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:118

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  38. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases affecting the pork industry globally. PRRS is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). Currently there are no effe...

    Authors: Chang Huang, Denzil Bernard, Jiaqi Zhu, Radha Charan Dash, Alexander Chu, Alec Knupp, Anna Hakey, M. Kyle Hadden, Antonio Garmendia and Young Tang

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:116

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  39. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread rapidly across the world and become an international public health emergency. Both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV belong to subfamily Coronav...

    Authors: Yicheng Yang, Zhiqiang Xiao, Kaiyan Ye, Xiaoen He, Bo Sun, Zhiran Qin, Jianghai Yu, Jinxiu Yao, Qinghua Wu, Zhang Bao and Wei Zhao

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:117

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  40. The oxygen levels organ and tissue microenvironments vary depending on the distance of their vasculature from the left ventricle of the heart. For instance, the oxygen levels of lymph nodes and the spleen are ...

    Authors: Esther Shuyi Gan and Eng Eong Ooi

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:115

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  41. Detection of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and subtype diversity (SD) are public health strategies to assess current HIV-1 regimen and ensure effective therapeutic outcomes of antiretroviral therapy ...

    Authors: Billal Musah Obeng, Evelyn Yayra Bonney, Lucy Asamoah-Akuoko, Nicholas Israel Nii-Trebi, Gifty Mawuli, Christopher Zaab-Yen Abana and Kwamena William Coleman Sagoe

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:114

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  43. eIF2α is a regulatory node that controls protein synthesis initiation by its phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. General control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase ...

    Authors: Yuanzhi Liu, Mingshu Wang, Anchun Cheng, Qiao Yang, Ying Wu, Renyong Jia, Mafeng Liu, Dekang Zhu, Shun Chen, Shaqiu Zhang, Xin-Xin Zhao, Juan Huang, Sai Mao, Xumin Ou, Qun Gao, Yin Wang…

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:112

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  45. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are highly contagious, pathogenic Novirhabdoviruses affecting fish and are thusly notifiable diseases with the World...

    Authors: Bartolomeo Gorgoglione, Jeffery L. Ringiesn, Loc H. Pham, Brian S. Shepherd and Douglas W. Leaman

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:110

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  46. HIV-infected patients have immunological and clinical features that might affect the pathogenesis, as well as the outcome of the HIV/HEV co-infection. The current study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of...

    Authors: Reza Shahriarirad, Amirhossein Erfani, Mohammad Rastegarian, Ali Zeighami, Nasir Arefkhah, Fariba Ghorbani, Jamal Sarvari and Bahador Sarkari

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:109

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  47. H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. H9N2 AIV was first reported in the Northeast of Algeria in April 2017, following...

    Authors: Abdelheq Barberis, Amine Boudaoud, Angelina Gorrill, Josianne Loupias, Abdeljelil Ghram, Jihene Lachheb, Nadir Alloui and Mariette F. Ducatez

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:108

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  48. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus (IAV) is a key player in inhibiting antiviral response in host cells, thereby facilitating its replication. However, other roles of NS1, which are indepe...

    Authors: Tim Wai Sha, Michaela Weber, Dacquin M. Kasumba, Takeshi Noda, Masahiro Nakano, Hiroki Kato and Takashi Fujita

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:107

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  49. Long control region (LCR) of human papillomavirus (HPV) has shown multiple functions on regulating viral transcription. The variations of LCR related to different lineages/sub-lineages have been found to affec...

    Authors: Liyuan Fang, Xiaoli Lin, Yasi Yang, Zhilin Song, Xianping Ding, Liping Tan and Peng Gao

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:106

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  50. Liao ning virus (LNV) is a member of the genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae and has been isolated from kinds of vectors in Asia and Australia. However, there are no systematic studies describe the molecular g...

    Authors: Jun Zhang, Hong Liu, Jiahui Wang, Jiheng Wang, Jianming Zhang, Jiayue Wang, Xin Zhang, Hongfang Ji, Zhongfeng Ding, Han Xia, Chunyang Zhang, Qian Zhao and Guodong Liang

    Citation: Virology Journal 2020 17:105

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

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  • ISSN: 1743-422X (electronic)

Virology Journal

ISSN: 1743-422X