Articles

Oligomerization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu protein – a genetic, biochemical and biophysical analysis

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) is a complex retrovirus and the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The HIV-1 Vpu protein is an oligomeric integral membrane protein ess...

Authors: Amjad Hussain, Suman R Das, Charu Tanwar and Shahid Jameel

Thottapalayam virus is genetically distant to the rodent-borne hantaviruses, consistent with its isolation from the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus)

Thottapalayam (TPM) virus belongs to the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae. The genomes of hantaviruses consist of three negative-stranded RNA segments (S, M and L) encoding the virus nucleocapsid (N), glycop...

Authors: Pragya D Yadav, Martin J Vincent and Stuart T Nichol

Evolution of naturally occurring 5'non-coding region variants of Hepatitis C virus in human populations of the South American region

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been the subject of intense research and clinical investigation as its major role in human disease has emerged. Previous and recent studies have suggested a diversification of type ...

Authors: Gonzalo Moratorio, Mariela Martínez, María F Gutiérrez, Katiuska González, Rodney Colina, Fernando López-Tort, Lilia López, Ricardo Recarey, Alejandro G Schijman, María P Moreno, Laura García-Aguirre, Aura R Manascero and Juan Cristina

Characterization of vaccinia virus A12L protein proteolysis and its participation in virus assembly

Vaccinia virus (VV) undergoes a proteolytic processing to evolve from immature virus particles into intracellular mature virus particles. Most of structural core protein precursors such as p4a, p4b, and p25K a...

Authors: Su Jung Yang

Experimental infection of H5N1 HPAI in BALB/c mice

In 2005 huge epizooty of H5N1 HPAI occurred in Russia. It had been clear that territory of Russia becoming endemic for H5N1 HPAI. In 2006 several outbreaks have occurred. To develop new vaccines and antiviral ...

Authors: Vasily A Evseenko, Eugeny K Bukin, Anna V Zaykovskaya, Kirill A Sharshov, Vladimir A Ternovoi, George M Ignatyev and Alexander M Shestopalov

An ectromelia virus profilin homolog interacts with cellular tropomyosin and viral A-type inclusion protein

Profilins are critical to cytoskeletal dynamics in eukaryotes; however, little is known about their viral counterparts. In this study, a poxviral profilin homolog, ectromelia virus strain Moscow gene 141 (ECTV...

Authors: Christine Butler-Cole, Mary J Wagner, Melissa Da Silva, Gordon D Brown, Robert D Burke and Chris Upton

Phenotype and envelope gene diversity of nef-deleted HIV-1 isolated from long-term survivors infected from a single source

The Sydney blood bank cohort (SBBC) of long-term survivors consists of multiple individuals infected with attenuated, nef-deleted variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquired from a single sou...

Authors: Lachlan Gray, Melissa J Churchill, Jasminka Sterjovski, Kristie Witlox, Jennifer C Learmont, John S Sullivan, Steven L Wesselingh, Dana Gabuzda, Anthony L Cunningham, Dale A McPhee and Paul R Gorry

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Egyptian pediatric cancer patients with acute and chronic active HBV infection

There are eight genotypes of hepatitis B virus (A-H) and subgenotypes are recognized. Genotyping can be accomplished based on a partial sequence of HBV genome such as the pre-S or S gene. Several methods have ...

Authors: Abdel-Rahman N Zekri, Mohamed M Hafez, Nahed I Mohamed, Zeinab K Hassan, Manal H El-Sayed, Mohsen M Khaled and Tarek Mansour

Vaccinia virus A12L protein and its AG/A proteolysis play an important role in viral morphogenic transition

Like the major vaccinia virus (VV) core protein precursors, p4b and p25K, the 25 kDa VV A12L late gene product (p17K) is proteolytically maturated at the conserved Ala-Gly-Ala motif. However, the association o...

Authors: SuJung Yang and Dennis E Hruby

Structural comparisons of the nucleoprotein from three negative strand RNA virus families

Structures of the nucleoprotein of three negative strand RNA virus families, borna disease virus, rhabdovirus and influenza A virus, are now available. Structural comparisons showed that the topology of the RN...

Authors: Ming Luo, Todd J Green, Xin Zhang, Jun Tsao and Shihong Qiu

Relationship between the loss of neutralizing antibody binding and fusion activity of the F protein of human respiratory syncytial virus

To elucidate the relationship between resistance to HRSV neutralizing antibodies directed against the F protein and the fusion activity of the F protein, a recombinant approach was used to generate a panel of ...

Authors: Changbao Liu, Nicole D Day, Patrick J Branigan, Lester L Gutshall, Robert T Sarisky and Alfred M Del Vecchio

Epidemics to eradication: the modern history of poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis has afflicted humankind since antiquity, and for nearly a century now, we have known the causative agent, poliovirus. This pathogen is an enterovirus that in recent history has been the source of...

Authors: Nidia H De Jesus

The complete genomes of three viruses assembled from shotgun libraries of marine RNA virus communities

RNA viruses have been isolated that infect marine organisms ranging from bacteria to whales, but little is known about the composition and population structure of the in situ marine RNA virus community. In a rece...

Authors: Alexander I Culley, Andrew S Lang and Curtis A Suttle

Kinetics of antibody-induced modulation of respiratory syncytial virus antigens in a human epithelial cell line

The binding of viral-specific antibodies to cell-surface antigens usually results in down modulation of the antigen through redistribution of antigens into patches that subsequently may be internalized by endo...

Authors: Rosa E Sarmiento, Rocio G Tirado, Laura E Valverde and Beatriz Gómez-Garcia

Attenuation and efficacy of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) vaccine candidates containing stabilized mutations in the P/C and L genes

Two recombinant, live attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 1 (rHPIV1) mutant viruses have been developed, using a reverse genetics system, for evaluation as potential intranasal vaccine candidates. These ...

Authors: Emmalene J Bartlett, Adam Castaño, Sonja R Surman, Peter L Collins, Mario H Skiadopoulos and Brian R Murphy

Regulation of HTLV-1 Gag budding by Vps4A, Vps4B, and AIP1/Alix

HTLV-1 Gag protein is a matrix protein that contains the PTAP and PPPY sequences as L-domain motifs and which can be released from mammalian cells in the form of virus-like particles (VLPs). The cellular facto...

Authors: Shuzo Urata, Hideyoshi Yokosawa and Jiro Yasuda

Virus detection and identification using random multiplex (RT)-PCR with 3'-locked random primers

PCR-based detection and identification of viruses assumes a known, relatively stable genome. Unfortunately, high mutation rates may lead to extensive changes in viral nucleic acid sequences making dedicated PC...

Authors: Amy L Clem, Jonathan Sims, Sucheta Telang, John W Eaton and Jason Chesney

Repressor of temperate mycobacteriophage L1 harbors a stable C-terminal domain and binds to different asymmetric operator DNAs with variable affinity

Lysogenic mode of life cycle of a temperate bacteriophage is generally maintained by a protein called 'repressor'. Repressor proteins of temperate lambdoid phages bind to a few symmetric operator DNAs in order...

Authors: Tridib Ganguly, Amitava Bandhu, Partho Chattoraj, Palas K Chanda, Malabika Das, Nitai C Mandal and Subrata Sau

Common Genotypes of Hepatitis B virus prevalent in Injecting drug abusers (addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan

The epidemiological significance of Hepatitis B virus genotypes has been well established and becoming an essential concern day by day however, much little is known about the mixed infection with more than one...

Authors: Muhammad Masroor Alam, Sohail Zahoor Zaidi, Shehzad Shaukat, Salmaan Sharif, Mehar Angez, Asif Naeem, Shamim Saleha, Javed Aslam Butt and Salman Akbar Malik

Role of CD151, A tetraspanin, in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a RNA virus causing respiratory and reproductive diseases in swine. The susceptibility for PRRSV varies between the different breeds of swine. In ...

Authors: Kumar Shanmukhappa, Jeong-Ki Kim and Sanjay Kapil

Carlow Virus, a 2002 GII.4 variant Norovirus strain from Ireland

Noroviruses are the leading cause of infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis in Ireland (population 4 million). Due to the number of outbreaks, its massive impact on the Irish health service and its seasonali...

Authors: Karen Kearney, John Menton and John G Morgan

Porcine adenovirus type 3 E1B^large protein downregulates the induction of IL-8

Replication-defective (E1-E3 deleted) adenovirus vector based gene delivery results in the induction of cytokines including IL-8, which may contribute to the development of inflammatory immune responses. Like ...

Authors: Yan Zhou, Andrew Ficzycz and Suresh Kumar Tikoo

Usefulness of Herpes Consensus PCR methodology to routine diagnostic testing for herpesviruses infections in clinical specimens

The purposes of the study were to assess the usefulness of simultaneously amplifying herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6 DNA in var...

Authors: Georgia Vrioni, Christos Kalogeropoulos, Constantina Gartzonika, Efthalia Priavali and Stamatina Levidiotou

Clearance of low levels of HCV viremia in the absence of a strong adaptive immune response

Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has frequently been associated with the presence of HCV-specific cellular immunity. However, there had been also reports in chimpanzees demonstrating clearance ...

Authors: Manuela F Meyer, Marc Lehmann, Markus Cornberg, Johannes Wiegand, Michael P Manns, Christoph Klade and Heiner Wedemeyer

HIV-1 Vpr activates the G₂ checkpoint through manipulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system

HIV-1 Vpr is a viral accessory protein that activates ATR through the induction of DNA replication stress. ATR activation results in cell cycle arrest in G₂ and induction of apoptosis. In the present study, we in...

Authors: Jason L DeHart, Erik S Zimmerman, Orly Ardon, Carlos MR Monteiro-Filho, Enrique R Argañaraz and Vicente Planelles

Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuronal restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) can regulate HSV-1 immediate-early transcription via histone modification

During primary infection of its human host, Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) establishes latency in neurons where the viral genome is maintained in a circular form associated with nucleosomes in a chromatin...

Authors: Rajeswara C Pinnoji, Gautam R Bedadala, Beena George, Thomas C Holland, James M Hill and Shao-chung V Hsia

Cyclooxygenase activity is important for efficient replication of mouse hepatitis virus at an early stage of infection

Cyclooxygenases (COXs) play a significant role in many different viral infections with respect to replication and pathogenesis. Here we investigated the role of COXs in the mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) in...

Authors: Matthijs Raaben, Alexandra WC Einerhand, Lucas JA Taminiau, Michel van Houdt, Janneke Bouma, Rolien H Raatgeep, Hans A Büller, Cornelis AM de Haan and John WA Rossen

Human neuronal cell protein responses to Nipah virus infection

Nipah virus (NiV), a recently discovered zoonotic virus infects and replicates in several human cell types. Its replication in human neuronal cells, however, is less efficient in comparison to other fully susc...

Authors: Li-Yen Chang, AR Mohd Ali, Sharifah Syed Hassan and Sazaly AbuBakar

Clearance of an immunosuppressive virus from the CNS coincides with immune reanimation and diversification

Once a virus infection establishes persistence in the central nervous system (CNS), it is especially difficult to eliminate from this specialized compartment. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to fully...

Authors: Henning Lauterbach, Phi Truong and Dorian B McGavern

Detection of virus mRNA within infected host cells using an isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay: marine cyanophage gene expression within Synechococcus sp

Signal-Mediated Amplification of RNA Technology (SMART) is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology, developed for the detection of specific target sequences, either RNA (for expression) or DNA. Cya...

Authors: Susan D Wharam, Matthew J Hall and William H Wilson

Expression of RNA virus proteins by RNA polymerase II dependent expression plasmids is hindered at multiple steps

Proteins of human and animal viruses are frequently expressed from RNA polymerase II dependent expression cassettes to study protein function and to develop gene-based vaccines. Initial attempts to express the...

Authors: Nicola Ternette, Daniela Stefanou, Seraphin Kuate, Klaus Überla and Thomas Grunwald

Inactivation of viruses by coherent excitations with a low power visible femtosecond laser

Resonant microwave absorption has been proposed in the literature to excite the vibrational states of microorganisms in an attempt to destroy them. But it is extremely difficult to transfer microwave excitatio...

Authors: KT Tsen, Shaw-Wei D Tsen, Chih-Long Chang, Chien-Fu Hung, T-C Wu and Juliann G Kiang

Nuclear import of influenza A viral ribonucleoprotein complexes is mediated by two nuclear localization sequences on viral nucleoprotein

The influenza A virus replicates in the nucleus of its host cell. Thus, entry of the influenza genome into the cell nucleus is necessary for establishing infection. The genome of the influenza A virus consists...

Authors: Winco WH Wu, Ying-Hua B Sun and Nelly Panté

Efficient replication of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) in a mouse macrophage cell line

Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM; family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Pneumovirinae) is a natural respiratory pathogen of rodent species and an important new model for the study of severe viral bronchiolitis and pneumo...

Authors: Kimberly D Dyer, Ingrid MM Schellens, Cynthia A Bonville, Brittany V Martin, Joseph B Domachowske and Helene F Rosenberg

Antisense RNA directed to the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 mRNA from herpes simplex virus type 1 derived vectors is expressed in CaSki cells and downregulates E7 mRNA

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is known to be the most important etiologic factor of cervical cancer. There is no HPV specific therapy available for treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the c...

Authors: Ilkka Kari, Stina Syrjänen, Bo Johansson, Piritta Peri, Bin He, Bernard Roizman and Veijo Hukkanen

An invitation to recent graduates: publish your dissertation/thesis background section as a review in Virology Journal

Virology Journal will publish background sections of approved dissertations or theses as Review Articles.

Authors: Robert F Garry

Posttranslational N-glycosylation of the hepatitis B virus large envelope protein

The addition of N-linked glycans to proteins is normally a cotranslational process that occurs during translocation of the nascent protein to the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we report on an exception to this ...

Authors: Carsten Lambert and Reinhild Prange

Biochemical characterization of the fidelity of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Putative high mutation rates of RNA viruses are believed to mediate undesirable phenomena, such as emergence of drug resistance. However, very little is known about biochemical fidelity rates for viral RNA-dep...

Authors: Marion S Freistadt, Joseph A Vaccaro and Karen E Eberle

First introduction of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses in wild and domestic birds in Denmark, Northern Europe

Since 2005 highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza A H5N1 viruses have spread from Asia to Africa and Europe infecting poultry, humans and wild birds. HP H5N1 virus was isolated in Denmark for the first time in...

Authors: Karoline Bragstad, Poul H Jørgensen, Kurt Handberg, Anne S Hammer, Susanne Kabell and Anders Fomsgaard

Receptor binding specificity of recent human H3N2 influenza viruses

Human influenza viruses are known to bind to sialic acid linked α2-6 to galactose, but the binding specificity beyond that linkage has not been systematically examined. H3N2 human influenza isolates lost bindi...

Authors: Kshama Kumari, Shelly Gulati, David F Smith, Upma Gulati, Richard D Cummings and Gillian M Air

Genome sequence analysis of La Crosse virus and in vitro and in vivo phenotypes

La Crosse virus (LACV), family Bunyaviridae, is a mosquito-borne virus recognized as a major cause of pediatric encephalitis in North America with 70–130 symptomatic cases each year. The virus was first identifie...

Authors: Richard S Bennett, David R Ton, Christopher T Hanson, Brian R Murphy and Stephen S Whitehead

Genome-wide diversity and selective pressure in the human rhinovirus

The human rhinoviruses (HRV) are one of the most common and diverse respiratory pathogens of humans. Over 100 distinct HRV serotypes are known, yet only 6 genomes are available. Due to the paucity of HRV genom...

Authors: Amy L Kistler, Dale R Webster, Silvi Rouskin, Vince Magrini, Joel J Credle, David P Schnurr, Homer A Boushey, Elaine R Mardis, Hao Li and Joseph L DeRisi

Different pH requirements are associated with divergent inhibitory effects of chloroquine on human and avian influenza A viruses

Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline previously used in malaria therapy and now becoming an emerging investigational antiviral drug due to its broad spectrum of antiviral activities. To explore whether the low pH...

Authors: Livia Di Trani, Andrea Savarino, Laura Campitelli, Sandro Norelli, Simona Puzelli, Daniela D'Ostilio, Edoardo Vignolo, Isabella Donatelli and Antonio Cassone

Review of "Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching" by Michael Greger

Authors: Chengfeng Qin and Ede Qin

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus accumulates inside resting spores and zoosporangia of its vector Polymyxa betae BNYVV infects P. betae

Plasmodiophorids and chytrids are zoosporic parasites of algae and land plant and are distributed worldwide. There are 35 species belonging to the order Plasmodiophorales and three species, Polymyxa betae, P. gra...

Authors: Jeanmarie Verchot Lubicz, Charles M Rush, Mark Payton and Terry Colberg

Infection of hepatitis B virus in extrahepatic endothelial tissues mediated by endothelial progenitor cells

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication has been reported to be involved in many extrahepatic viral disorders; however, the mechanism by which HBV is trans-infected into extrahepatic tissues such as HBV associated...

Authors: Qifei Rong, Jun Huang, Enben Su, Jun Li, Jianyong Li, Lili Zhang and Kejiang Cao

A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies

The role of humoral immunity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is poorly understood. Nevertheless, there is increasing interest in characterizing the neutralizing antibodies in the serum of HCV-infected pat...

Authors: Carole Fournier, Gilles Duverlie, Catherine François, Aurelie Schnuriger, Sarah Dedeurwaerder, Etienne Brochot, Dominique Capron, Czeslaw Wychowski, Vincent Thibault and Sandrine Castelain

Characterization of gene expression on genomic segment 7 of infectious salmon anaemia virus

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus (ISAV), an important pathogen of fish that causes disease accompanied by high mortality in marine-farmed Atlantic salmon, is the only species in the genus Isavirus, one of th...

Authors: Frederick SB Kibenge, Hongtao Xu, Molly JT Kibenge, Biao Qian and Tomy Joseph

Evidence of recombination within human alpha-papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has a causal role in cervical cancer with almost half a million new cases occurring each year. Presence of the carcinogenic HPV is necessary for the development of the invasive carci...

Authors: Manuel Angulo and Antonio Carvajal-Rodríguez

Using patient-collected clinical samples and sera to detect and quantify the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused a large outbreak of pneumonia in Beijing, China, in 2003. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect and quantify SARS-CoV in 93...

Authors: Zhongping He, Hui Zhuang, Chunhui Zhao, Qingming Dong, Guoai Peng and Dominic E Dwyer