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  1. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious health problem in the developing countries including Pakistan. Various risk factors are responsible for the spread of this infectious disease. Prevalence of HBV i...

    Authors: Fawad Khan, Sulaiman Shams, Ihteshamud Din Qureshi, Muhmmad Israr, Hayat Khan, Muhammad Tahir Sarwar and Muhammad Ilyas
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:225
  2. The Urabe AM9 vaccine strain of mumps virus contains two variants of V protein: VWT (of HN-A1081 viral population) and VGly (of HN-G1081). The V protein is a promoting factor of viral replication by blocking t...

    Authors: Nora H Rosas-Murrieta, Gerardo Santos-López, Julio Reyes-Leyva, Francisca Sosa Jurado and Irma Herrera-Camacho
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:224
  3. Andes virus (ANDV), a rodent-borne Hantavirus, is the major etiological agent of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in South America, which is mainly characterized by a vascular leakage with high rate ...

    Authors: Delphine Marsac, Stephanie García, Alexandra Fournet, Adam Aguirre, Karla Pino, Marcela Ferres, Alexis M Kalergis, Marcelo Lopez-Lastra and Francisco Veas
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:223
  4. This study was carried out to detect human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IgG and IgM antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in renal transplant patients in Khartoum state, Sudan and to improve ...

    Authors: Khalid A Enan, Hanna Rennert, Ali M El-Eragi, Abdel Rahim M El Hussein and Isam M Elkhidir
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:222
  5. The two major cytopathic factors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the accessory proteins viral infectivity factor (Vif) and viral protein R (Vpr), inhibit cell-cycle progression at the G2 phase ...

    Authors: Keiko Sakai, R Anthony Barnitz, Benjamin Chaigne-Delalande, Nicolas Bidère and Michael J Lenardo
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:219
  6. Antigens for Hantavirus serological tests have been produced using DNA recombinant technology for more than twenty years. Several different strategies have been used for that purpose. All of them avoid the ris...

    Authors: Alex M Machado, Aline RSR Machado, Marcos L Moreli, Bergmann M Ribeiro, Luiz TM Figueiredo and Jose LC Wolff
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:218
  7. Novel Influenza A (H1N1) is an acute respiratory infectious disease. Animal experiments indicated that when H1N1 virus infected early hosts, it showed strong CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+ T cell reactions. The aim of...

    Authors: Xichao Guo, Yu Chen, Xuefen Li, Haishen Kong, Shigui Yang, Bo Ye, Dawei Cui, Wei Wu and Lanjuan Li
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:215
  8. A DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein C (gC) of duck plague virus (DPV) was evaluated for inducing immunity in ducks. The plasmid encoding gC of DPV was administered via intramuscular (IM) injection and gene g...

    Authors: Bei Lian, Anchun Cheng, Mingshu Wang, Dekang Zhu, Qihui Luo, Renyong Jia, Fei Liu, Xinfeng Han and Xiaoyue Chen
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:214
  9. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has a close association with various types of human lymphomas. Animal models are essential to elucidate the pathogenesis of human EBV-associated lymphomas. The aim of the present study...

    Authors: Yunlian Tang, Rongfang He, Yang Zhang, Fang Liu, Ailan Cheng, Yimou Wu and Runliang Gan
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:213
  10. We have identified and characterised a defective-interfering (DI) influenza A virus particles containing a highly deleted segment 1 RNA that has broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In young adult mice it exerts...

    Authors: Paul D Scott, Bo Meng, Anthony C Marriott, Andrew J Easton and Nigel J Dimmock
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:212
  11. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), as a re-emerging virus that causes 10,000-15,000 human deaths from encephalitis in the world each year, has had a significant impact on public health. Pigs are the natural re...

    Authors: Xufang Deng, Zixue Shi, Shuqing Li, Xiaodu Wang, Yafeng Qiu, Donghua Shao, Jianchao Wei, Guangzhi Tong and Zhiyong Ma
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:209
  12. Hepatocellular carcinoma is mainly associated with viral hepatitis B and C. Activation of cell growth stimulator IGF-II gene is observed in tumor formation especially in viral associated hepatocellular carcino...

    Authors: Waqar Ahmad, Khadija Shabbiri, Bushra Ijaz, Sultan Asad, Noreen Nazar, Shazia Nazar, Kiran Fouzia, Humera Kausar, Sana Gull, Muhammad T Sarwar, Imran Shahid and Sajida Hassan
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:208
  13. A previous study has identified two types of recombinant variants of Potato virus Y strain NTN (PVYNTN) in China and sequenced the complete genome of the variant PVYNTN-HN2. In this study, the complete genome of ...

    Authors: Xinxi Hu, Xianzhou Nie, Changzheng He and Xingyao Xiong
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:207
  14. Bacterial ghosts that are generated using the regulated PhiX174 lysis gene E offer a new avenue for the study of inactivated vaccines. Here, we constructed a library of mutant gene E using a gene-shuffling tec...

    Authors: Shen-ye Yu, Wei Peng, Wei Si, Lu Yin, Si-guo Liu, Hui-fang Liu, Hai-ling Zhao, Chun-lai Wang, Yue-hong Chang and Yue-zhi Lin
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:206
  15. Lassa virus (LASV) infection causes an acute and sometimes fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates; however, little is known about the development of Lassa fever. Here, we performed a pilot s...

    Authors: Lisa E Hensley, Mark A Smith, Joan B Geisbert, Elizabeth A Fritz, Kathleen M Daddario-DiCaprio, Tom Larsen and Thomas W Geisbert
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:205
  16. Interferon is well thought-out as the key defence against all infections including HCV. The only treatment for HCV infection is pegylated interferon alpha (IFN-α) but unluckily more than half of the infected i...

    Authors: Shazia Rafique, Muhammad Idrees, Muhammad Ilyas, Abrar Hussain, Muhammad Ali, Liaqat Ali, Sadia Butt, Samia Afzal, Irshad Ur Rehman and Sana Saleem
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:204
  17. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Flaviviridae family of viruses, is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, the only treatment available consists of a ...

    Authors: Muhammad Ansar, Usman Ali Ashfaq, Imran shahid, Muhammad Tahir Sarwar, Tariq Javed, Sidra Rehman, Sajida Hassan and Sheikh Riazuddin
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:203
  18. Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an Office International des Epizooties (OIE) notifiable disease. However, we are far from fully understand the distribution, tissu...

    Authors: Jun Liu, Xue-Zheng Fan, Qin Wang, Lu Xu, Qi-Zu Zhao, Wei Huang, Yuan-Cheng Zhou, Bo Tang, Lei Chen, Xing-Qi Zou, Sha Sha and Yuan-Yuan Zhu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:201
  19. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is an unassigned member in the family Herpesviridae. To demonstrate further the evolutionary position of DEV in the family Herpesviridae, we have described a 42,897-bp fragment. We demo...

    Authors: Xiaoli Liu, Zongxi Han, Yuhao Shao, Yang Li, Huixin Li, Xiangang Kong and Shengwang Liu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:200
  20. The goal of this study is to observe changes in HBcAg-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells from peripheral blood and to relate such changes on viral cle...

    Authors: Jun Li, Yaping Han, Ke Jin, Yufeng Wan, Shixia Wang, Bo Liu, Yuan Liu, Shan Lu and Zuhu Huang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:199
  21. Tetherin (also known as BST-2, CD317, and HM1.24) is an interferon- induced protein that blocks the release of a variety of enveloped viruses, such as retroviruses, filoviruses and herpesviruses. However, the ...

    Authors: Fengwen Xu, Juan Tan, Ruikang Liu, Dan Xu, Yue Li, Yunqi Geng, Chen Liang and Wentao Qiao
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:198
  22. Neuroinvasion of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and subsequent initiation of inflammation in the brain plays a crucial role in the outcome of VEEV infection in mice. Adhesion molecules expressed o...

    Authors: Anuj Sharma, Manish Bhomia, Shelley P Honnold and Radha K Maheshwari
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:197
  23. Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus is able to infect many hosts and the virus replicates in high levels in the respiratory tract inducing severe lung lesions. The pathogenesis of the disease is act...

    Authors: Vinod RMT Balasubramaniam, Sharifah S Hassan, Abdul R Omar, Maizan Mohamed, Suriani M Noor, Ramlan Mohamed and Iekhsan Othman
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:196
  24. Urban sewage virological analysis may produce important information about the strains that cause clinical and subclinical infections in the population, thus supporting epidemiological studies.

    Authors: Petros A Kokkinos, Panos G Ziros, Αggeliki Mpalasopoulou, Alexis Galanis and Apostolos Vantarakis
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:195
  25. T4 phage is a model species that has contributed broadly to our understanding of molecular biology. T4 DNA replication and packaging share various mechanisms with human double-stranded DNA viruses such as herp...

    Authors: Xiaofang Jiang, Huanhuan Jiang, Cun Li, Sheng Wang, Zhiqiang Mi, Xiaoping An, Jiankui Chen and Yigang Tong
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:194
  26. Oncoproteins encoded by the early region of adenoviruses have been shown to be powerful tools to study gene regulatory mechanisms, which affect major cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, apo...

    Authors: Angelika Zaremba, Ursula Schmuecker and Helmut Esche
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:192
  27. HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) transmission has been reduced by protected sex and screening of blood products and other body fluids in the developed countries. It has been reported that Pakistan is at high...

    Authors: Muhammad Ilyas, Sultan Asad, Liaqat Ali, Masaud Shah, Sadaf Badar, Muhammad Tahir Sarwar and Aleena Sumrin
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:191
  28. Of the eight human herpes viruses, varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and zoster, has a unique epidemiology. Primary infection is much less common in children in the tropics compared with temperat...

    Authors: Philip S Rice
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:189
  29. The mint family (Lamiaceae) produces a wide variety of constituents with medicinal properties. Several family members have been reported to have antiviral activity, including lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), ...

    Authors: ChoonSeok Oh, Jason Price, Melinda A Brindley, Mark P Widrlechner, Luping Qu, Joe-Ann McCoy, Patricia Murphy, Cathy Hauck and Wendy Maury
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:188
  30. There is a continuing threat of human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIV). In this regard falconers might be a potential risk group because they have close contact to their hunting birds (raptors suc...

    Authors: Andrea Kohls, Hafez Mohamed Hafez, Timm Harder, Andreas Jansen, Peter Lierz, Dörte Lüschow, Brunhilde Schweiger and Michael Lierz
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:187
  31. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and many cloven-hoofed wild animals. FMDV serotypes O and Asia 1 have circulated separately in China during ...

    Authors: Lei Wu, Tao Jiang, Zeng-Jun Lu, Ya-Min Yang, Pu Sun, Zhong Liang, Dong Li, Yuan-Fang Fu, Yi-Mei Cao, Xiang-Tao Liu and Zai-Xin Liu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:186
  32. The HIV epidemic in Cameroon is characterized by a high degree of viral genetic diversity with circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) being predominant. The goal of our study was to determine recent trends in vi...

    Authors: Viswanath Ragupathy, Jiangqin Zhao, Owen Wood, Shixing Tang, Sherwin Lee, Phillipe Nyambi and Indira Hewlett
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:185
  33. The nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis (IB) caused unprecedented economic losses to the commercial chicken industry of China in 2008-2009. To investigate the prevalence of nephropathogenic IB in Chin...

    Authors: Jun Ji, Jingwei Xie, Feng Chen, Dingming Shu, Kejing Zuo, Chunyi Xue, Jianping Qin, Hongmei Li, Yingzuo Bi, Jingyun Ma and Qingmei Xie
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:184
  34. Since its emergence in March 2009, the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus has posed a serious threat to public health. To trace the evolutionary path of these new pathogens, we performed a selection-pressure...

    Authors: Wenfu Li, Weifeng Shi, Huijie Qiao, Simon YW Ho, Arong Luo, Yanzhou Zhang and Chaodong Zhu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:183
  35. Bocavirus include bovine parvovirus, minute virus of canine, porcine bocavirus, gorilla bocavirus, and Human bocaviruses 1-4 (HBoVs). Although recent reports showed that recombination happened in bocavirus, no...

    Authors: Xingli Fu, Xiaochun Wang, Bin Ni, Hongxing Shen, Hua Wang, Xiaodan Zhang, Shengxia Chen, Shihe Shao and Wen Zhang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:182
  36. Our previous study showed that the NS1 protein of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549), supporting its function as ...

    Authors: Chuanfu Zhang, Yutao Yang, Xiaowei Zhou, Zhixin Yang, Xuelin Liu, Zhiliang Cao, Hongbin Song, Yuxian He and Peitang Huang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:181
  37. Influenza A virus evolution in humans is driven at least in part by mutations allowing the virus to escape antibody neutralization. Little is known about the evolution of influenza in birds, a major reservoir ...

    Authors: Rajagowthamee R Thangavel, Aisha Reed, Erin W Norcross, Sherrina N Dixon, Mary E Marquart and Stephen J Stray
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:180
  38. The persistence of latently Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected cellular reservoirs in resting CD4+ T cells is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. The detailed mechanism of HIV-1 latency remains un...

    Authors: Hyeon Guk Kim, Kyung-Chang Kim, Tae-Young Roh, Jihwan Park, Kyung-Min Jung, Joo-Shil Lee, Sang-Yun Choi, Sung Soon Kim and Byeong-Sun Choi
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:179
  39. Geminiviruses encode few viral proteins. Most of the geminiviral proteins are multifunctional and influence various host cellular processes for the successful viral infection. Though few viral proteins like AC...

    Authors: Kalyan K Pasumarthy, Sunil K Mukherjee and Nirupam R Choudhury
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:178
  40. Recently, new emergence of type I PRRSV has been reported in Korea by several research groups. Although specific subgroups of type I PRRSVs in Korea were observed in the previous phylogenetic analysis, there i...

    Authors: Hye Kwon Kim, Chul Seung Lee, Bo Kyu Kang, Min Ju Yeom, Hyoung Joon Moon, Seong Jun Park, Van Giap Nguyen, Dae Sub Song and Bong Kyun Park
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:177
  41. In resource-limited settings where HIV-1 is endemic, there is a need for simple, inexpensive but effective rapid methods for detecting recent infections and estimating incidence for the purposes of surveillanc...

    Authors: Kwabena O Duedu, Anna A Hayford and Kwamena W Sagoe
    Citation: Virology Journal 2011 8:176