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  1. Enterovirus (EV), parechovirus (HPeV), herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV1/2) are common viruses leading to viral central nervous system (CNS) infections which are increasingly predominant but exhibit deficienc...

    Authors: Xunhua Zhu, Pengcheng Liu, Lijuan Lu, Huaqing Zhong, Menghua Xu, Ran Jia, Liyun Su, Lingfeng Cao, Yameng Sun, Meijun Guo, Jianyue Sun and Jin Xu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:70
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  2. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) has emerged as an active pathogen in myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and pancreatitis, and is a heavy burden on public health. However, CVB3 has ...

    Authors: Qian Yang, Dongmei Yan, Yang Song, Shuangli Zhu, Yun He, Zhenzhi Han, Dongyan Wang, Tianjiao Ji, Yong Zhang and Wenbo Xu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. The onset and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) are closely associated with the persistent infection of high-risk HPV (especially type16), which is mainly caused by immune escape. Natural...

    Authors: You Nie, Dandan Liu, Wen Yang, Yazhuo Li, Lihua Zhang, Xia Cheng, Ruyu Chen, Bingbing Yuan, Guangzheng Zhang and Hongwei Wang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:68
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. The newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and four seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1) still circulate worldwide. The ea...

    Authors: Mengchuan Zhao, Yi Xu, Dijun Zhang, Guixia Li, Huixia Gao, Xianping Zeng, Yanqing Tie, Yong Wu, Erhei Dai and Zhishan Feng
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a macrophage-tropic arterivirus with extremely high genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity that causes significant economic losses in the swine indu...

    Authors: Seung-Chai Kim, Sung-Hyun Moon, Chang-Gi Jeong, Gyeong-Seo Park, Ji-Young Park, Hye-Young Jeoung, Go-Eun Shin, Mi-Kyeong Ko, Seoung-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Ki Lee, Ho-Seong Cho and Won-Il Kim
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:66
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus that causes vesicular disease in swine. Clinical characteristics of the disease are similar to common viral diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine ve...

    Authors: Wei Wen, Xinghua Chen, Qiang Lv, Huanchun Chen, Ping Qian and Xiangmin Li
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been confirmed to infect pigs, posing a health risk and making pigs more susceptible to other pathogens. After the first report of PCV3 infection in the United States, its ...

    Authors: Yangyang Pan, Shantong Qiu, Rui Chen, Tiantian Zhang, Linfeng Liang, Meng Wang, Abdul Rasheed Baloch, Libin Wang, Qian Zhang and Sijiu Yu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:64
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. Influenza A virus infections occur in different species, causing mild-to-severe symptoms that lead to a heavy disease burden. H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 are major subtypes of swine influenza A viruses in pigs and occ...

    Authors: Ji-Rong Yang, Chuan-Yi Kuo, I.-Ling Yu, Fang-Yen Kung, Fang-Tzy Wu, Jen-Shiou Lin and Ming-Tsan Liu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:63
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. The QX-type infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has become the predominant genotype worldwide in recent years and has caused serious economic losses to the chicken industry. The most significant feature of QX IB...

    Authors: Xiaorong Zhang, Kun Yan, Chengcheng Zhang, Mengjiao Guo, Shuqin Chen, Kai Liao, Zongyi Bo, Yongzhong Cao and Yantao Wu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Early and accurate identification of infection viruses among children can benefit the personalized medical treatment and management, and reduce the future occurrence of serious symptoms. Thus, it is critical t...

    Authors: Wei Li, Weiwei Li, Lin Li, Yajun Guo, Jie Chen, Shiqiang Shang and Jianhua Mao
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:61
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Promoters are important factors affecting gene expression in cells. The driven activities of viral promoters were generally assessed to screen available promoters for transgenic and research and biotech indust...

    Authors: Lei Jiang, Jing Chen, You-zhi Yang, Rui Li, Shuang Li, Zhan-qi Wang and Tong Jiang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) is a novel immune markers and possibly predictive of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) outcome. However, results were inconsistent by different ELISA kits. This study aims to compare...

    Authors: Wen-Juei Jeng, Chien-Hung Chen, Yi-Wen Wang, Mei-Hung Pan, Chia-Wei Lin, Chun-Yen Lin and Hwai-I Yang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus are widely distributed viruses in humans and animals worldwide. They have frequently been associated with disease, mainly of gastroenteric nature. In dogs, these viruses hav...

    Authors: Efthymia Stamelou, Ioannis A. Giantsis, Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou, Evanthia Petridou, Irit Davidson, Zoe S. Polizopοulou, Anna Papa and Spyridon K. Kritas
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:58
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Abnormalities of lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profiles have been observed in most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Here, we explore the role of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines on hospital admi...

    Authors: Pengfei Pan, Xinxin Du, Qilong Zhou, Yong Cui, Xiaochun Deng, Chao Liu, Zongjun Hu, Jianguo Chen, Xiangyou Yu and Weihua Shi
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:57
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Despite multiple attempts, there is still no effective HIV-1 vaccine available. The HIV-1 polymerase (pol) gene is highly conserved and encodes cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. The aim of the study was to c...

    Authors: Paballo Nkone, Shayne Loubser, Thomas C. Quinn, Andrew D. Redd, Arshad Ismail, Caroline T. Tiemessen and Simnikiwe H. Mayaphi
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:56
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Virology Journal 2022 19:78

  16. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a crucial DNA sensor and plays an important role in host antiviral innate immune responses. During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the cGAS signaling pathway can suppress H...

    Authors: Hong Chen, Linshan Jiang, Shu Chen, Qin Hu, Ying Huang, Ying Wu and Weixian Chen
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:55
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. RT-PCR testing on nasopharyngeal swabs is a key component in the COVID-19 fighting, provided to use sensitive and specific SARS-CoV2 genome targets. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and to compare 4 widely ...

    Authors: Mariem Gdoura, Imen Abouda, Mehdi Mrad, Imen Ben Dhifallah, Zeineb Belaiba, Wasfi Fares, Anissa Chouikha, Maroua Khedhiri, Kaouther Layouni, Henda Touzi, Amel Sadraoui, Walid Hammemi, Zina Meddeb, Nahed Hogga, Sihem Ben Fadhel, Sondes Haddad-Boubaker…
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:54
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a particular concern in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. In Ethiopia, detailed clinical and virological descriptions of HBV prevailing during HIV co...

    Authors: Yeshambel Belyhun, Uwe Gerd Liebert and Melanie Maier
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases are a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. In addition to vaccines, the availability of antiviral polymers provides an efficient and safe option ...

    Authors: Daniela Jiménez-Arriagada, Alejandro A. Hidalgo, Victor Neira, Andrónico Neira-Carrillo and Sergio A. Bucarey
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a single-stranded RNA virus with high genetic variation that causes congenital tremor (CT) in newborn piglets, belonging to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. I...

    Authors: Xujiao Ren, Ping Qian, Zihui Hu, Huanchun Chen and Xiangmin Li
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:51
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered the worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections are impo...

    Authors: Ji Luo, Alexandra Brakel, Andor Krizsan, Tobias Ludwig, Marina Mötzing, Daniela Volke, Nicole Lakowa, Thomas Grünewald, Claudia Lehmann, Johannes Wolf, Stephan Borte, Sanja Milkovska-Stamenova, Jörg Gabert, Felix Fingas, Markus Scholz and Ralf Hoffmann
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:50
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. The newly identified Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global health emergency (COVID-19) because of its rapid spread and high mortality. Since the virus epidemic, ...

    Authors: Wenjing Gu, Hui Gan, Yu Ma, Lina Xu, Zhangkai J. Cheng, Bizhou Li, Xinxing Zhang, Wujun Jiang, Jinlv Sun, Baoqing Sun and Chuangli Hao
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:49
    Content type: Review Published on:

  23. COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are linked by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme in RAS that has been validated as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Functional ACE1/ACE2 gene polymorphis...

    Authors: Nahid Alimoradi, Moein Sharqi, Dena Firouzabadi, Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Mohammad Iman Moezzi and Negar Firouzabadi
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:48
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. The dengue epidemic in Guangzhou has imposed a rising burden on society and health infrastructure. Here, we present the genotype data for dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) to improve understanding of this dengu...

    Authors: Liyun Jiang, Yuan Liu, Wenzhe Su, Yimin Cao, Qinlong Jing, Xinwei Wu and Zhicong Yang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:47
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. Data regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and genotype distribution are limited in Shannan City, Tibet Tibetan Autonomous Region, China. The purpose of this study is to provide reliable data for gui...

    Authors: Dilu Feng, Sitian Wei, Jun Chen, Zhicheng Yu, Yeshe Lhamo, Hongbo Wang and Xiaowu Zhu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Enteroviruses (EVs) are considered the main causative agents responsible for aseptic meningitis worldwide. This study was conducted in the Monastir region of Tunisia in order to know the prevalence of EV infec...

    Authors: Yosra Rmadi, Aida Elargoubi, Rubén González-Sanz, Maha Mastouri, Maria Cabrerizo and Mahjoub Aouni
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:45
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly refractory cancer associated with increasing mortality, which currently lacks effective treatment options. Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a novel tumor suppressor cytokine...

    Authors: Lili Deng, Xue Yang, Yuedi Ding, Jun Fan, Ying Peng, Dong Xu, Biao Huang and Zhigang Hu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Since December 14, 2020, New York City (NYC) has started the first batch of COVID-19 vaccines. However, the shortage of vaccines is currently an inevitable problem. Therefore, optimizing the age-specific COVID...

    Authors: Miaolei Li, Jian Zu, Yue Zhang, Le Ma, Mingwang Shen, Zongfang Li and Fanpu Ji
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:43
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Inclusion of high throughput technologies in the field of biology has generated massive amounts of data in the recent years. Now, transforming these huge volumes of data into knowledge is the primary challenge...

    Authors: Dibyendu Ghosh, Srija Chakraborty, Hariprasad Kodamana and Supriya Chakraborty
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:42
    Content type: Review Published on:

  30. Human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) is a Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) virus, discovered in 1995 as a Flaviviridae member, and the closest human virus linked to HCV. In comparison to HCV, HPgV-1 seems to...

    Authors: Mehdi Samadi, Vahid Salimi, Mohammad Reza Haghshenas, Seyed Mohammad Miri, Seyed Reza Mohebbi and Amir Ghaemi
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:41
    Content type: Review Published on:

  31. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most significant threats to the global swine industry. It is of great importance to understand viral-host interactions to develop novel...

    Authors: Jing Zhang, Lipeng Gan, Pu Sun, Jian Wang, Dong Li, Yimei Cao, Yuanfang Fu, Pinghua Li, Xingwen Bai, Kun Li, Xueqing Ma, Huifang Bao, Yingli Chen, Jie Zhang, Zaixin Liu and Zengjun Lu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are zoonotic, segmented negative-stranded RNA viruses. The rapid mutation of IAVs results in host immune response escape and antiviral drug and vaccine resistance. RUNX1 is a transcr...

    Authors: Yixiang Hu, Qi Pan, Kun Zhou, Yuehuan Ling, Hao Wang and Yan Li
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:39
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Idiopathic CD4 + T lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare immunodeficiency syndrome, unaccompanied by various opportunistic infections. Cryptococcus and varicella-zoster viruse are the most common opportunistic infec...

    Authors: Li Fang, Junli Zhang and Fangfang Lv
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:38
    Content type: Review Published on:

  34. Persistent high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes infection has been implicated as a causative of cervical cancer. Distribution and genotypes of HPV infection among females and their variations would as...

    Authors: Xiuli Wang, Shuizhong Han, Xingwei Li, Xiaochuan Wang, Shan Wang and Li Ma
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Despite the clinical burden attributable to rhinovirus (RV) infections, the RV transmission dynamics and the impact of interventions on viral transmission remain elusive.

    Authors: Kim Tien Ng, Liang Jie Ng, Xiang Yong Oong, Jack Bee Chook, Kok Gan Chan, Yutaka Takebe, Adeeba Kamarulzaman and Kok Keng Tee
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:36
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. SARS-CoV-2, a novel corona virus, has caused clusters of fatal pneumonia worldwide. Immune compromised patients are among the high risk groups with poor prognosis of the disease. The presence of bacterial or f...

    Authors: Mojtaba Shafiekhani, Zahra Shekari, Arash Boorboor, Zahra Zare, Sara Arabsheybani and Nazanin Azadeh
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:35
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is classified as a class C notifiable infectious disease in China and poses a great threat to public health. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological trends an...

    Authors: Rong Liu, Yuxing Chen, Hao Liu, Xihui Huang and Fang Zhou
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malfo...

    Authors: Wenyue Xing, Li Li, Jingnan Zhang, Chunli Ma, Xin Xue, Shumei Ye, Huiting Xue, Ruiping Hu, Yanhua Ma and Hong Yuan
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. The immunosuppressive microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a major factor that limits the benefits of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade. One viable strategy for reverting ...

    Authors: Sijia Tang, Lei Shi, Breona T. Luker, Channen Mickler, Bhavana Suresh, Gregory B. Lesinski, Daping Fan, Yuan Liu and Ming Luo
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. The worldwide epidemics of diseases as dengue and Zika have triggered an intense effort to repurpose drugs and search for novel antivirals to treat patients as no approved drugs for these diseases are currentl...

    Authors: Emerson de Castro Barbosa, Tânia Maria Almeida Alves, Markus Kohlhoff, Soraya Torres Gaze Jangola, Douglas Eduardo Valente Pires, Anna Carolina Cançado Figueiredo, Érica Alessandra Rocha Alves, Carlos Eduardo Calzavara-Silva, Marcos Sobral, Erna Geessien Kroon, Luiz Henrique Rosa, Carlos Leomar Zani and Jaquelline Germano de Oliveira
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:31
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) can infect human cells and pose a risk for xenotransplantation when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted to human recipients. Xenotransplantation holds great pr...

    Authors: Sabrina Halecker, Ludwig Krabben, Yannick Kristiansen, Luise Krüger, Lars Möller, Dietmar Becher, Michael Laue, Benedikt Kaufer, Christian Reimer and Joachim Denner
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Ultraviolet (UV) light has previously been established as useful method of disinfection, with demonstrated efficacy to inactivate a broad range of microorganisms. The advent of ultraviolet light-emitting diode...

    Authors: Arvin T. Persaud, Jonathan Burnie, Laxshaginee Thaya, Liann DSouza, Steven Martin and Christina Guzzo
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:29
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  43. Some cytokine signaling pathways can interact with interferon (IFN)-α pathway and thus regulate cell responses to IFN-α. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) were found to be elevat...

    Authors: Jiaxuan Zhang, Kai Liu, Gaoli Zhang, Ning Ling and Min Chen
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:28
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. In early 2020, a novel H9N2 AIV immune escape variant emerged in South China and rapidly spread throughout mainland China. The effectiveness of the current H9N2 vaccine is being challenged by emerging immune e...

    Authors: Yiqing Zheng, Yanna Guo, Yingfei Li, Bing Liang, Xiaoyuan Sun, Shijia Li, Huizhi Xia and Jihui Ping
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. In this work, six SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody assays were evaluated, namely, two pan-immunoglobulin (pan-Ig) assays [Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (named "Elecsys" in this study) and the PerkinElmer SuperFlex...

    Authors: Masaki Yamamoto, Kazuyuki Okazaki, Yoko Kitai, Koh Shinohara, Satomi Yukawa, Taro Noguchi, Michio Tanaka, Yasufumi Matsumura, Yukiko Nishiyama and Miki Nagao
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:24
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor which plays a pivotal role in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has been more recently shown to regulate inflammatory ...

    Authors: Li Zhang, Jiao Wang, Zhan Wang, Ying Li, Hui Wang and Hongtu Liu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA is a surrogate biomarker for intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) transcriptional activity and persistence. In this retrospective study, we investigated its pr...

    Authors: Andreas Laras, Margarita Papatheodoridi, Eleni Panopoulou, George V. Papatheodoridis, Stephanos J. Hadziyannis and Emilia Hadziyannis
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. Glioblastoma is one of the most serious brain cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that PTEN function disorder affects the causing and exacerbation of glioblastoma. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been...

    Authors: Sung Hoon Jang, Bo-Kyoung Jung, Yong Hee An and Hyun Jang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2022 19:21
    Content type: Research Published on:
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  • ISSN: 1743-422X (electronic)

Virology Journal

ISSN: 1743-422X