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Retroviruses

Section Editor: Linda Chelico, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Deputy Section Editor: Molly Ohainle, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA

The Retroviruses section of Virology Journal aims to publish research articles and reviews covering all aspects of human and animal retroviruses. We welcome basic and translational studies on the mechanisms of retrovirus replication and pathogenesis, including reports on the development of antiretroviral drugs and vaccines. Interdisciplinary research on retroviruses using multiple approaches is particularly welcome.

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  1. Conflicting results regarding the association of MMTV with human breast cancer have been reported. Published sequence data have indicated unique MMTV strains in some human samples. However, concerns regarding ...

    Authors: Raisa Perzova, Lynn Abbott, Patricia Benz, Steve Landas, Seema Khan, Jordan Glaser, Coleen K. Cunningham and Bernard Poiesz
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:196
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Mucins are large O-linked glycosylated proteins which give mucus their gel-forming properties. There are indications that mucus and mucins in saliva, breast milk and in the cervical plug inhibit the human immu...

    Authors: Anwar Suleman Mall, Habtom Habte, Yolanda Mthembu, Julia Peacocke and Corena de Beer
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:192
    Content type: Review Published on:

  3. Human BST2 (hBST2, also called Tetherin) is a host restriction factor that blocks the release of various enveloped viruses. BST2s from different mammals also possess antiviral activity. Bovine BST2s (bBST2s), ...

    Authors: Zhibin Liang, Yang Zhang, Jie Song, Hui Zhang, Suzhen Zhang, Yue Li, Juan Tan and Wentao Qiao
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:173
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  4. Induction of broad immune responses at mucosal site remains a primary goal for most vaccines against mucosal pathogens. Abundance of evidence indicates that the co-delivery of mucosal adjuvants, including cyto...

    Authors: Xianliang Sun, Han Zhang, Shuiling Xu, Lili Shi, Jingjian Dong, Dandan Gao, Yan Chen and Hao Feng
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:163
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. The function of p53 in cancer biology has been studied extensively, but its role in anti-retrovirus infection has been elusive for many years. The restriction of retrovirus early stage replication by p53 was i...

    Authors: Michaela Kinnetz, Faris Alghamdi, Michael Racz, Wenwei Hu and Binshan Shi
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:151
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Detection of specific immune responses against cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 was recently reported in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infecte...

    Authors: Yasuo Shiohama, Tadasuke Naito, Toshio Matsuzaki, Reiko Tanaka, Takeaki Tomoyose, Hiroshi Takashima, Takuya Fukushima, Yuetsu Tanaka and Mineki Saito
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:130
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  8. Nullbasic is a mutant HIV-1 Tat protein that inhibits HIV-1 replication via three independent mechanisms that disrupts 1) reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into a DNA copy, 2) HIV-1 Rev protein fun...

    Authors: Lina Rustanti, Hongping Jin, Mary Lor, Min Hsuan Lin, Daniel J. Rawle and David Harrich
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env), a Type 1 transmembrane protein, assembles into a trimeric spike complex that mediates virus entry into host cells. The high potential energ...

    Authors: Hanh T. Nguyen, Navid Madani, Haitao Ding, Emerald Elder, Amy Princiotto, Christopher Gu, Patrice Darby, James Alin, Alon Herschhorn, John C. Kappes, Youdong Mao and Joseph G. Sodroski
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. HIV-1 is highly variable genetically and at protein level, a property it uses to subvert antiviral immunity and treatment. The aim of this study was to assess if HIV subtype differences were associated with va...

    Authors: Rose C. Kitawi, Carol W. Hunja, Rashid Aman, Bernhards R. Ogutu, Anne W. T. Muigai, Gilbert O. Kokwaro and Washingtone Ochieng
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:29
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  11. Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has a worldwide distribution and it is endemic in some regions of Iran. One of the most important routes of HTLV-1 transmission is via transfusion of contaminat...

    Authors: Gharib Karimi, Maryam Zadsar and Ali Akbar Pourfathollah
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Retroviruses are known to rely extensively on the expression of viral proteins from the sense proviral genomic strand. Yet, the production of regulatory retroviral proteins from antisense-encoded viral genes i...

    Authors: Mamneet Manghera, Alycia Magnusson and Renée N. Douville
    Citation: Virology Journal 2017 14:9
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  14. Increasing evidence suggests an unexpected potential for non-neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV infection. Consequently, identification of functional linear B-cell epitopes for HIV are important for develo...

    Authors: Bapi Pahar, Carys S. Kenway-Lynch, Preston Marx, Sudesh K. Srivastav, Celia LaBranche, David C. Montefiori and Arpita Das
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:200
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. During sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), macrophages are initial targets for HIV infection. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) has been shown to protect against HIV infectio...

    Authors: Andrew W. Woodham, Adriana M. Sanna, Julia R. Taylor, Joseph G. Skeate, Diane M. Da Silva, Lodewijk V. Dekker and W. Martin Kast
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:187
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  16. HIV-1 latency is a major obstacle for HIV-1 eradication. Extensive efforts are being directed toward the reactivation of latent HIV reservoirs with the aim of eliminating latently infected cells via the host i...

    Authors: Zhujun Ao, Rong Zhu, Xiaoli Tan, Lisa Liu, Liyu Chen, Shuiping Liu and XiaoJian Yao
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:177
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. Although the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV positive individuals has proved to be effective in suppressing the virus to below detection limits of commonly used assays, virological failure a...

    Authors: M. L. Mzingwane, C. T. Tiemessen, K. L. Richter, S. H. Mayaphi, G. Hunt and S. M. Bowyer
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:170
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Cell-free residual HIV-1 virions (RVs) persist in plasma below 20–50 vRNA copies/ml in most patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). How RVs are produced in the body during therapy is not fully cl...

    Authors: Samantha Rassler, Roberto Ramirez, Nadeen Khoury, Gail Skowron and Gautam K. Sahu
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:157
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. With increasing data on HIV-1, a more relevant molecular model describing mechanism details of HIV-1 genetic recombination usually requires upgrades. Currently an incomplete structural understanding of the cop...

    Authors: Lei Jia, Lin Li, Tao Gui, Siyang Liu, Hanping Li, Jingwan Han, Wei Guo, Yongjian Liu and Jingyun Li
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:156
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Despite the successful inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by combination antiretroviral therapy, cells latently infected with HIV-1 remaining in patients are a major obstacle...

    Authors: YoungHyun Shin, Hoyong Lim, Byeong-Sun Choi, Kyung-Chang Kim, Chun Kang, Yong-Soo Bae and Cheol-Hee Yoon
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:141
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. Bovine foamy virus (BFV) encodes the transactivator BTas, which enhances viral gene transcription by binding to the long terminal repeat promoter and the internal promoter. In this study, we investigated the d...

    Authors: Tiejun Bing, Suzhen Zhang, Xiaojuan Liu, Zhibin Liang, Peng Shao, Song Zhang, Wentao Qiao and Juan Tan
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:117
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. The cellular sulfonation pathway modulates key steps of virus replication. This pathway comprises two main families of sulfonate-conjugating enzymes: Golgi sulfotransferases, which sulfonate proteins, glycopro...

    Authors: Justine Swann, Jeff Murry and John A. T. Young
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. The interaction of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 (gp120/gp41) with coreceptor molecules has important implications for specific cellular targeting and pathogenesis. Experimental and theoretical evidences ...

    Authors: Elena Pacheco-Martínez, Evangelina Figueroa-Medina, Carlos Villarreal, Germinal Cocho, José L. Medina-Franco, Oscar Méndez-Lucio and Leonor Huerta
    Citation: Virology Journal 2016 13:28
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. SAMHD1 counteracts HIV-1 or HIV-2/SIVsmm that lacks Vpx by depleting the intracellular pool of nucleotides in myeloid cells and CD4+ quiescent T cells, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of retroviral DNA by rev...

    Authors: Loic Dragin, Soundasse Munir-Matloob, Jeanne Froehlich, Marina Morel, Adèle Sourisce, Hichem Lahouassa, Karine Bailly, Marianne Mangeney, Bertha Cecilia Ramirez and Florence Margottin-Goguet
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:201
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  26. HIV-1 subtype C Nef sequences have a significantly lower ability overall to down-regulate CD4 and HLA-I than subtype B Nef sequences. Here we investigated whether Nef amino acids differing in frequency between...

    Authors: Jaclyn K. Mann, Saleha Omarjee, Phumzile Khumalo and Thumbi Ndung’u
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:200
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  27. Subgroups A, B, E and J are the major subgroups of avian leukosis virus (ALV) infecting chickens. ALV infection has become endemic in China and has a significant negative effect on the poultry industry. Conseq...

    Authors: Hao Peng, Lili Qin, Yuyu Bi, Peikun Wang, Guangzhen Zou, Jun Li, Yongli Yang, Xingfu Zhong and Ping Wei
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:195
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is recommended to control the infection of HIV-1. HIV-1 drug resistance becomes an obstacle to HAART due to the accumulation of specific mutations in the RT coding ...

    Authors: Wei Guo, Jingwan Han, Daomin Zhuang, Siyang Liu, Yongjian Liu, Lin Li, Hanping Li, Zuoyi Bao, Fujiang Wang and Jingyun Li
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:187
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Template switching between two distinct HIV-1 RNA genomes during reverse transcription gives rise to recombinant viruses that greatly expand the genetic diversity of HIV-1 and have adverse implications for dru...

    Authors: Aiman A. Haqqani, Samantha L. Marek, Jagadish Kumar, Miles Davenport, Heng Wang and John C. Tilton
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:184
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. The mechanisms through which HTLV-1 leads to and maintains damage in the central nervous system of patients undergoing HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) are still poorly under...

    Authors: Eduardo Samo Gudo, Suse Dayse Silva-Barbosa, Leandra Linhares-Lacerda, Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves, Suzana Corte Real, Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib and Wilson Savino
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:165
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag polyprotein is necessary and sufficient to assemble non-infectious particles. Given that HIV-1 subverts many host proteins at all stages of its life cycle, i...

    Authors: Valerie Le Sage, Alessandro Cinti, Fernando Valiente-Echeverría and Andrew J. Mouland
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:138
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  32. Copper has antimicrobial properties and has been studied for its activity against viruses, including HIV. Copper complexed within a phthalocyanine ring, forming copper (II) phthalocyanine sulfate (CuPcS), may ...

    Authors: Ashley R. Styczynski, Khandaker N. Anwar, Habiba Sultana, Abdelhamid Ghanem, Nell Lurain, Aishi Chua, Mahmood Ghassemi and Richard M. Novak
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:132
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. The cellular protein eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) binds to aminoacylated transfer RNAs and delivers them to the ribosome during translation. eEF1A also binds to RNA secondary structures ...

    Authors: Dongsheng Li, Ting Wei, Hongping Jin, Amanda Rose, Rui Wang, Min-Hsuan Lin, Kirsten Spann and David Harrich
    Citation: Virology Journal 2015 12:118
    Content type: research Published on:

  34. One of the major functions of Nef is in the enhancement of the infectivity of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively). However, the detailed mechanism of the enhancement of vi...

    Authors: Keisuke Harada, Nobutoki Takamune, Shozo Shoji and Shogo Misumi
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:222
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Xenotransplantation has drawn increased attention in recent years as a potential solution to the scarcity of human source donor organs. Researchers have highlighted the need to characterize the influence of po...

    Authors: Fei Guo, Xiaowei Xing, Wayne J Hawthorne, Qiong Dong, Bin Ye, Juan Zhang, Qi Liang, Wei Nie and Wei Wang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:212
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Attempts to eradicate HIV from cellular reservoirs are vital but depend on a clear understanding of how viral variants are transmitted and survive in the different cell types that constitute such reservoirs. M...

    Authors: Yudong Quan, Hongtao Xu, Victor G Kramer, Yingshan Han, Richard D Sloan and Mark A Wainberg
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:177
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. HTLV-1 causes proliferation of clonal populations of infected T cells in vivo, each clone defined by a unique proviral integration site in the host genome. The proviral load is strongly correlated with odds of...

    Authors: Heather A Niederer, Daniel J Laydon, Anat Melamed, Marjet Elemans, Becca Asquith, Masao Matsuoka and Charles RM Bangham
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:172
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. The deciphering of cellular networks to determine susceptibility to infection by HIV or the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a major challenge in infection biology.

    Authors: Feng Q He, Ulrike Sauermann, Christiane Beer, Silke Winkelmann, Zheng Yu, Sieghart Sopper, An-Ping Zeng and Manfred Wirth
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:152
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Tetherin is an interferon-inducible host cell factor that blocks the viral particle release of the enveloped viruses. Most knowledge regarding the interaction between tetherin and viruses has been obtained usi...

    Authors: Xin Yin, Miaomiao Guo, Qinyong Gu, Xingliang Wu, Ping Wei and Xiaojun Wang
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:151
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. The CD8 Antiviral Factor (CAF) suppresses viral transcription from the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter in a non-cytolytic manner. However, the region on the LTR upon which CAF acts is unknown. Our ob...

    Authors: Varsha Shridhar, Yue Chen and Phalguni Gupta
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:130
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. HIV-1 Vif is essential for virus replication in natural target cells such as T cells and macrophages. Vif recruits a ubiquitin ligase to degrade restrictive APOBEC3 proteins. APOBEC3G is one of the most potent...

    Authors: Masashi Matsui, Keisuke Shindo, Taisuke Izumi, Katsuhiro Io, Masanobu Shinohara, Jun Komano, Masayuki Kobayashi, Norimitsu Kadowaki, Reuben S Harris and Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:122
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Due to potential advantages, human adenoviral vectors have been evaluated pre-clinically as recombinant vaccine vectors against several cancers and infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (...

    Authors: Linlin Gu, Valentina Krendelchtchikova, Alexandre Krendelchtchikov, Robert A Oster, Kohtaro Fujihashi and Qiana L Matthews
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:112
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. HIV-1 Vpr-mediated G2 cell cycle arrest is dependent on the interaction of Vpr with an E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains damage-specific DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), Cullin 4A (Cul4A), DDB1 and Cul4-associated f...

    Authors: Yoshiyuki Hakata, Masaaki Miyazawa and Nathaniel R Landau
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:108
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. The antiviral protein Daxx acts as a restriction factor of avian sarcoma virus (ASV; Retroviridae) in mammalian cells by promoting epigenetic silencing of integrated proviral DNA. Although Daxx is encoded by a ty...

    Authors: Kelsey A Haugh, Natalia Shalginskikh, Shoko Nogusa, Anna Marie Skalka, Richard A Katz and Siddharth Balachandran
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:100
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  47. HIV-1 gene expression is driven by the long terminal repeat (LTR), which contains many binding sites shown to interact with an array of host and viral factors. Selective pressures within the host as well as th...

    Authors: Sonia Shah, Aikaterini Alexaki, Vanessa Pirrone, Satinder Dahiya, Michael R Nonnemacher and Brian Wigdahl
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:92
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Small ruminant lentiviruses escaping efficient serological detection are still circulating in Swiss goats in spite of a long eradication campaign that essentially eliminated clinical cases of caprine arthritis...

    Authors: Martina Deubelbeiss, Laure Blatti-Cardinaux, Marie-Luise Zahno, Reto Zanoni, Hans-Rudolf Vogt, Horst Posthaus and Giuseppe Bertoni
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancestral infections and chromosomally integrated in all cells of an individual, are transmitted only vertically and are defective in viral replication. Ho...

    Authors: Benjamin Kraus, Katrin Fischer, Katja Sliva and Barbara S Schnierle
    Citation: Virology Journal 2014 11:58
    Content type: Research Published on:
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  • ISSN: 1743-422X (electronic)

Virology Journal

ISSN: 1743-422X