Table 4 Characteristics of patients with different results between nasopharyngeal swabs and gargle sample
Positive in both samples | Positive only in nasopharyngeal swabs | P value compared to positive in both samples | Positive only in gargle samples | P value compared to positive in both samples | P value compared positive only in nasopharyngeal swabs and only in gargle samples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 86) | (N = 8) | (N = 6) | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||
Age (average ± S.D) | 44.9 ± 22.9 | 50.9 ± 22.9 | NS | 41.3 ± 10.9 | NS | NS |
Under 16 years old | 3 (3.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | NS | 0 (0.0%) | NS | NS |
Gender, female | 53 (61.6%) | 5 (62.5%) | NS | 1 (16.7%) | 0.078 | 0.138 |
Underlying diseases | 29 (33.7%) | 4 (50.0%) | NS | 2 (33.3%) | NS | NS |
History of Influenza vaccination | 33 (38.4%) | 4 (50.0%) | NS | 2 (33.3%) | NS | NS |
Time since onset of symptoms | ||||||
0–6 h | 6 (7.0%) | 2 (25.0%) | 0.137 | 3 (50.0%) | 0.011 | NS |
6–12 h | 6 (7.0%) | 1 (12.5%) | NS | 0 (0.0%) | NS | NS |
12–24 h | 43 (50.0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0.063 | 3 (50.0%) | NS | 1 |
24–48 h | 21 (24.4%) | 3 (37.5%) | NS | 0 (0.0%) | NS | 0.245 |
48–72 h | 7 (8.1%) | 1 (12.5%) | NS | 0 (0.0%) | NS | 0.209 |
72 + h | 2 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | NS | 0 (0.0%) | NS | NS |
Unknown | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | NS | 0 (0.0%) | NS | NS |
Symptoms | ||||||
Fever | 82 (95.3%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.012 | 6 (100%) | NS | 0.209 |
Fatigue | 77 (89.5%) | 8 (100%) | NS | 5 (83.3%) | NS | NS |
Nasal discharge | 54 (62.8%) | 5 (62.5%) | NS | 3 (50.0%) | NS | NS |
Cough | 70 (81.4%) | 8 (100%) | NS | 5 (83.3%) | NS | NS |
Headache | 70 (81.4%) | 4 (50.0%) | 0.060 | 5 (83.3%) | NS | NS |
Sore throat | 59 (68.6%) | 7 (87.5%) | NS | 5 (83.3%) | NS | NS |
Arthralgia | 58 (67.4%) | 5 (62.5%) | NS | 4 (66.7%) | NS | NS |
Myalgia | 48 (55.8%) | 4 (50.0%) | NS | 1 (16.7%) | 0.093 | NS |
Diarrhea | 5 (5.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | NS | 1 (16.7%) | NS | NS |
Nausea | 4 (4.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | NS | 0 (0.0%) | NS | NS |
Results of DIAs | ||||||
Influenza A | 80 (93.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | < 0.001 | 1 (16.7%) | < 0.001 | NS |
Negative | 6 (7.0%) | 5 (62.5%) | 5 (83.3%) | |||
Clinical Diagnosis | ||||||
Influenza | 83 (96.5%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.007 | 2 (33.3%) | < 0.001 | 0.138 |
Acute upper respiratory infection | 3 (3.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | NS | 3 (50.0%) | 0.003 | 0.245 |
Acute bronchitis | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (25.0%) | 0.006 | 1 (16.7%) | 0.065 | NS |
Results of RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs | ||||||
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 | 85 (98.8%) | 6 (75.0%) | 0.018 | 1 (16.7%) | < 0.001 | 0.103 |
Negative | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (25.0%) | 5 (83.3%) | |||
Results of RT-PCR in gargle samples | ||||||
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 | 85 (98.8%) | 2 (25.0%) | < 0.001 | 5 (83.3%) | 0.127 | 0.103 |
Negative | 1 (1.1%) | 6 (75.0%) | 1 (16.7%) | |||