Fig. 1

Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of RES against PHEV in vitro. A CCK-8 assays were performed on N2a cells exposed to RES for 24 and 48 h to assess the cytotoxicity of RES, respectively. B Rate of RES inhibition of PHEV infection: N2a cells were first infected with PHEV and then treated with RES. a CCK-8 assay was performed, and Inhibition rate % was calculated following the formula: Inhibition rate % = (cell viability of RES-treated PHEV-infected cells—cell viability of the untreated PHEV-infected group/cell viability of the control cells-cell viability of RES-treated PHEV-infected cells) × 100%. C Viral titers were obtained from PHEV-infected cells treated with different RES concentrations: N2a cells were infected with PHEV and then treated with RES. After cells were cultured for 48 h, supernatants were collected and analyzed by TCID₅₀ assay. D PHEV replication was monitored in N2a cells in the presence or absence of RES for 48 h, with total RNA extractions performed at indicated time points and viral RNA quantification conducted via qPCR assay. All data are representative of at least three independent experiments. Data are presented as means ± SEM. ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 based on comparisons to 0 μM RES-treated cells