Table 1 Trained immunity in infections

Animal studies

C. albicans

C. albicans, S. aureus

Hybri (BALB/cCr x DBA/2Cr) mice

[51,52,53]

BCG

C. albicans

SCID mice

[12, 54]

BCG

Schistosoma mansoni

Nude mice

[55]

BCG

Influenza A

Swiss Webster mice

[56]

BCG

HSV

Swiss Webster mice

[57]

MDP

Vaccinia virus, HSV

BALB/c and CDF1 (BALB/c x DBA/2) mice

[58]

MDP

Sendai virus

BALB/c mice

[59]

BCG

Japanese encephalitis virus

BALB/c mice

[60]

BCG

Malaria

C57BL/6 mice

[61]

β-Glucan

S. aureus

AKR/J mice

[62, 63]

β-Glucan

Leishmania

C57BL6J and IL-32γTG mice

[64]

MDP

S. pneumoniae, Toxoplasma gondii

Swiss Webster mice

[65]

Herpes virus

Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia pestis

C57BL/6 J mice

[66]

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

Corresponding reinfection

BALB/c mice

[67]

IL-1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Swiss Webster mice

[68]

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide

Meningitis (E. coli)

C57BL/6 mice

[69]

Flagellin

S. pneumonia, rotavirus

BALB/c, C57BL/6 J, and outbred NMRI strain

[70, 71]

Human studies

BCG

Respiratory tract infections, neonatal sepsis, fever

Randomized controlled trial

[72, 73]

BCG

Acute lower respiratory tract infection (RSV)

Case–control study

[74]

BCG

Upper respiratory tract infection

Phase II, Randomized controlled trial

[75, 76]

BCG

Pneumonia

Prospective study

[77]

BCG

SARS-CoV-2

Clinical trial

[78,79,80]

BCG

Yellow fever viremia

Randomized controlled trial

[81]

BCG

Cutaneous and genital warts (HPV)

Randomized controlled trial

[82, 83]

BCG

Influenza A and HSV

Randomized controlled trial

[84]

BCG

Malaria

Randomized controlled trial

[85]

BCG

M. tuberculosis, C. albicans, S. aureus, E. col

In vitro

[12, 18]

HBV

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, uropathogenic E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Acinetobacter baumanii

In vitro

[86]

Chitin

C. albicans, S. aureus, E. coli

In vitro

[87]