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Table 1 Comparison of the clinical characteristics of the pediatric patients between the four HPIV groups

From: Seasonal epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with human parainfluenza virus infection by serotype: a retrospective study

Factor

HPIV-1 group (N = 49)

HPIV-2 group (N = 18)

HPIV-3 group (N = 84)

HPIV-4 group (N = 39)

P value

Male sex

28 (57.1)

11 (61.1)

47 (56.0)

28 (71.8)

0.390

Age, months

23 (11–32)

44 (21–62)

20 (10–30)

32 (14–66)

0.002

Age group

    

0.015

 < 12 months

14 (28.6)

2 (11.1)

26 (31.0)

10 (25.6)

 

12–23 months

12 (24.5)

3 (16.7)

27 (32.1)

8 (20.5)

 

24–35 months

14 (28.6)

3 (16.7)

14 (16.7)

4 (10.3)

 

 ≥ 36 months

9 (18.4)

10 (55.6)

17 (20.2)

17 (43.6)

 

Underlying disease

4 (8.2)

2 (11.1)

6 (7.1)

8 (20.5)

0.142

Symptoms

Fever

48 (98.0)

18 (100.0)

80 (95.2)

30 (76.9)

 < 0.001

Fever days

4 (3–5)

2 (1–4)

4 (2–5)

2 (1–4)

0.005

Cough

48 (98.0)

15 (83.3)

73 (86.9)

35 (89.7)

0.155

Rhinorrhea

40 (81.6)

13 (72.2)

68 (81.0)

26 (66.7)

0.267

Sputum

39 (79.6)

7 (38.9)

54 (64.3)

33 (84.6)

0.001

Dyspnea

4 (8.2)

1 (5.6)

6 (7.1)

4 (10.3)

0.918

Vomiting

7 (14.3)

4 (22.2)

5 (6.0)

2 (5.1)

0.078

Diarrhea

5 (10.2)

3 (16.7)

6 (7.1)

1 (2.6)

0.278

Abdominal pain

4 (8.2)

3 (16.7)

2 (2.4)

1 (2.6)

0.058

Rash

1 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.4)

2 (5.1)

0.677

Seizures

1 (2.0)

2 (11.1)

8 (9.5)

1 (2.6)

0.203

Diagnosis

FWLS

0 (0.0)

2 (11.1)

5 (6.0)

0 (0.0)

0.061

URI

11 (22.4)

10 (55.6)

38 (45.2)

11 (28.2)

0.012

Croup

13 (26.5)

2 (11.1)

6 (7.1)

0 (0.0)

 < 0.001

Bronchitis/bronchiolitis

25 (51.0)

4 (22.2)

35 (41.7)

24 (61.5)

0.029

Pneumonia

2 (4.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

4 (10.3)

0.074

Abnormal breath sounds

30 (61.2)

3 (16.7)

31 (36.9)

19 (48.7)

0.004

Rales

10 (20.4)

1 (5.6)

14 (16.7)

10 (25.6)

0.304

Wheezing

5 (10.2)

1 (5.6)

11 (13.1)

10 (25.6)

0.111

Rhonchi

7 (14.3)

0 (0.0)

6 (7.1)

5 (12.8)

0.236

Stridor

10 (20.4)

1 (5.6)

5 (6.0)

0 (0.0)

0.004

Chest x-ray abnormalities

25 (51.0)

4 (22.2)

37 (44.0)

27 (69.2)

0.006

WBC count, /mm3

8800

(6400–11,600)

11,050(8700–13,400)

9550

(7550–12,600)

10,200

(8350–11,750)

0.285

Hemoglobin, g/dL

12.0

(11.5–12.8)

11.9

(11.1–12.9)

12.2

(11.4–12.8)

12.5

(11.8–13.0)

0.441

Platelet count, /mm3

250,000

(212,000–325,000)

246,500

(211,000–307,000)

278,000

(230,500–363,500)

303,000

(232,000–332,000)

0.247

ESR, mm/h

8 (2–18)

8 (4–12)

8 (2–17)

11 (5–21)

0.454

C-reactive protein, mg/dL

0.82 (0.20–1.41)

0.75 (0.14–2.15)

0.71 (0.25–2.28)

0.66 (0.19–2.20)

0.851

AST level elevationa

8 (16.3)

1 (5.6)

10 (11.9)

7 (17.9)

0.547

ALT level elevationa

3 (6.3)

0 (0.0)

6 (7.1)

3 (7.7)

0.699

LDH level elevationa

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

1 (2.6)

0.680

Severe complications

Oxygen therapy

1 (2.0)

1 (5.6)

2 (2.4)

4 (10.3)

0.180

ICU admission

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.6)

0.273

  1. Data are presented as numbers (%) or median (interquartile range)
  2. HPIV Human parainfluenza virus, FWLS Fever without localizing signs, URI Upper respiratory tract infection, WBC White blood cell, ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, AST Aspartate transaminase, ALT Alanine transaminase, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, ICU Intensive care unit
  3. aAST, ALT, and LDH level elevations were defined when their serum levels exceeded the normal upper limits