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Table 1 Applications of spectroscopic technique for COVID-19 detection

From: Spectroscopic methods for COVID-19 detection and early diagnosis

Sample

Spectroscopic technique

Analyte /Analytes

Sensitivity

Specificity

Accuracy

Ref

Pregnant woman Sera

FTIR

Proteins and lipids

96.30%–100%

91.67%–100%

More than 90%

[55]

Human saliva

ATR-FTIR

Proteins

99.2%

100%

99.6%

[54]

Human Saliva

synchrotron infrared IR and Atomic force microscope AFM-IR

Proteins and lipids

93%

82%

N/R

[50]

Human plasma samples

ATR-FTIR

Proteins

94.1%

69.2%

N/R

[56]

Human saliva samples

ATR-FTIR

Nucleic acids (virus RNA)

95%

89%

90%

[49]

Human nasopharyngeal swab

ATR-FTIR

Virus RNA

97%

98.3

97.8%

[53]

Human nasopharyngeal swab

ATR-FTIR

Proteins and lipids

84% and 87%

66% and 64%

78.4%

[17]

Human serum

ATR − FT-IR

Protein and lipids

87%

98%

N/R

[97]

Human sputum or throat swab

SERS

Virus Antigen

83.3%

92.5%

87.7%

[98]

Nucleic acids samples

SERS

Virus nucleic acids

89.47%

87.5%

N/R

[96]

Human sera

Raman spectroscopy

IgM and IgG

84.0%

95.0%

90.3%

[38]

Human saliva

SERS

Proteins

More than 90%

More than 90%

More than 90%

[16]

Human serum

Raman spectroscopy

Proteins and lipids

87%

100%

93%

[99]

Exhaled breath

PTR-MS

Methylpent-2-enal, 2,4-octadiene 1-chloroheptane, and nonanal

90%

94%

93%

[77]

Exhaled breath

GC–MS

Benzaldehyde, 1-propanol, 3,6-methylundecane, camphene, beta-cubebene, iodobenzene

68%

85%

N/R

[100]

Human plasma

MALDI-TOF–MS

Proteins (amyloid)

93%

92%

92%,

[101]

Nasal swab

MALDI-TOF–MS

Proteins

More than 99%

More than 99%

98.3%

[102]

Nasal swab

MALDI-MS

Proteins (immunoglobulins)

Ranged between 92.7 and 94.5%

Ranged between 90.6 and 92.6%

93.9%

[51]

Human serum

MALDI-TOF–MS

Peptidome Profiling

98%

100%

99%

[88]

Human blood and faecal samples

GC–MS

Sucrose,2-palmitoyl-glycerol, 1,5-anhydroglucitol D-pinitol and oxalate

N/R

N/R

N/R

[103]

Human gargle solution samples

LC/MS

SARS-CoV-2 Proteins

N/R

N/R

N/R

[67]