From: Spectroscopic methods for COVID-19 detection and early diagnosis
Sample | Spectroscopic technique | Analyte /Analytes | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnant woman Sera | FTIR | Proteins and lipids | 96.30%–100% | 91.67%–100% | More than 90% | [55] |
Human saliva | ATR-FTIR | Proteins | 99.2% | 100% | 99.6% | [54] |
Human Saliva | synchrotron infrared IR and Atomic force microscope AFM-IR | Proteins and lipids | 93% | 82% | N/R | [50] |
Human plasma samples | ATR-FTIR | Proteins | 94.1% | 69.2% | N/R | [56] |
Human saliva samples | ATR-FTIR | Nucleic acids (virus RNA) | 95% | 89% | 90% | [49] |
Human nasopharyngeal swab | ATR-FTIR | Virus RNA | 97% | 98.3 | 97.8% | [53] |
Human nasopharyngeal swab | ATR-FTIR | Proteins and lipids | 84% and 87% | 66% and 64% | 78.4% | [17] |
Human serum | ATR − FT-IR | Protein and lipids | 87% | 98% | N/R | [97] |
Human sputum or throat swab | SERS | Virus Antigen | 83.3% | 92.5% | 87.7% | [98] |
Nucleic acids samples | SERS | Virus nucleic acids | 89.47% | 87.5% | N/R | [96] |
Human sera | Raman spectroscopy | IgM and IgG | 84.0% | 95.0% | 90.3% | [38] |
Human saliva | SERS | Proteins | More than 90% | More than 90% | More than 90% | [16] |
Human serum | Raman spectroscopy | Proteins and lipids | 87% | 100% | 93% | [99] |
Exhaled breath | PTR-MS | Methylpent-2-enal, 2,4-octadiene 1-chloroheptane, and nonanal | 90% | 94% | 93% | [77] |
Exhaled breath | GC–MS | Benzaldehyde, 1-propanol, 3,6-methylundecane, camphene, beta-cubebene, iodobenzene | 68% | 85% | N/R | [100] |
Human plasma | MALDI-TOF–MS | Proteins (amyloid) | 93% | 92% | 92%, | [101] |
Nasal swab | MALDI-TOF–MS | Proteins | More than 99% | More than 99% | 98.3% | [102] |
Nasal swab | MALDI-MS | Proteins (immunoglobulins) | Ranged between 92.7 and 94.5% | Ranged between 90.6 and 92.6% | 93.9% | [51] |
Human serum | MALDI-TOF–MS | Peptidome Profiling | 98% | 100% | 99% | [88] |
Human blood and faecal samples | GC–MS | Sucrose,2-palmitoyl-glycerol, 1,5-anhydroglucitol D-pinitol and oxalate | N/R | N/R | N/R | [103] |
Human gargle solution samples | LC/MS | SARS-CoV-2 Proteins | N/R | N/R | N/R | [67] |