Fig. 1
From: COVID-19 infection: an overview on cytokine storm and related interventions
A panoramic review of IL-6, IL-1, IL-17, and related interventions in COVID-19-induced CRS. A The entry of SARS‐CoV‐2 into the ACE2‐expressing cells. B The modes of IL-6 signaling are depicted. IL-6 binds to the soluble or membrane-bound receptor, forming a complex with ubiquitously expressed gp130 protein. The intracellular domain of gp130 activates JAK/STAT signal transduction. The soluble form of IL-6R is mediated by the cleavage of ADAM17 enzyme. Antagonists of IL-6 (tocilizumab, sarilumab, and siltuximab) antagonize ligand-receptor engagement; thereby inhibiting IL-6 mediated signaling. sgp130Fc is an exclusive inhibitor of IL-6 trans-signaling. C Anakinra and Canakinumab antagonize the IL-1 mediated inflammation via binding to corresponding receptors. D IL-17 is a member of pro-inflammatory cytokines, having a critical role in the recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the inflamed sites. IL-17 has mediated its activity via binding to corresponding receptors (IL-17R), activating inflammation-related signaling. SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; sIL-6R: the soluble form of the receptor; JAK/STAT: Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription