Fig. 8
From: All-trans retinoic acid increases the pathogenicity of the H9N2 influenza virus in mice
Effects of a therapeutic dose of ATRA on cytokine concentrations in mice infected with the H9N2 virus. Expression levels of IL-1β (a), TNF-α (b), CCL2 (c), CXCL10 (d), IFN-α (e), and IFN-β (f) were test by ELISA kits at 3, 5, 7, and 9 days after H9N2 virus (105.5 TCID50) infection. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, and presented as mean ± SD. Compared with blank group: ∆, P < 0.05; ∆∆, P < 0.01; Compared with H9N2 group: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. n = 5. Blank, mice receiving sterile PBS inoculation and cottonseed oil injection at 0–9 days after inoculation; ATRA1-ATRA3, mice receiving sterile PBS inoculation and ATRA injection (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively) at 0–9 days after inoculation; H9N2, mice receiving H9N2 virus (105.5 TCID50) inoculation and cottonseed oil injection at 0–9 days after inoculation; ATRA1 + H9N2-ATRA3 + H9N2, mice receiving H9N2 virus (105.5 TCID50) inoculation and ATRA injection (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively) at 0–9 days after inoculation. ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid; TCID50, median tissue culture infective dose; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; IFN-α, interferon alpha; IFN-β, interferon beta