Anti-viral and pro-inflammatory functions of Toll-like receptors during gamma-herpesvirus infections

Gaglia, Marta Maria

doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01678-x

Table 1 Summary of studies on TLR activity during γ-herpesvirus infection

From: Anti-viral and pro-inflammatory functions of Toll-like receptors during gamma-herpesvirus infections

TLR	Localization and stimulus	Activated + protective role during infection?	Artificial stimulation blocks viral replication?	Activity or expression inhibited by infection?	Artificial stimulation triggers reactivation?
1/2	Cell surface; Diacyl lipopeptides (Pam3CSK4)	Activated – EBV [21, 26]	No – KSHV[35]	Yes – EBV [44, 45]	Yes – KSHV [62]
		Yes – MHV68 in vivo [15]	No – EBV [31]	No – EBV [39]	Yes – EBV [67, 68]
			Minor effect – MHV68 in cells [34]	Yes – MHV68 in cells [42]
2/6	Cell surface; Triacyl lipopeptides(FSL-1)	Activated – EBV [21, 26]	No – KSHV[35]	Yes – EBV [44, 45]	Yes – KSHV [62]
		Yes – MHV68 in vivo [15]	Minor effect – MHV68 in cells [34]	No – EBV [39]	Yes – EBV [67, 68]
				Yes – MHV68 in cells [42]
				No – higher—MHV68 in vivo [15]
3	Endosome; dsRNA (polyI:C)	No – MHV68 in vivo [17]	Yes – KSHV[35]	Dynamic changes – KSHV [41, 50]	No – KSHV[35]
3	Endosome; dsRNA (polyI:C)	Activated but aids viral replication – MHV68 in cells [56]	Yes – MHV68 in cells [34]	Yes – EBV [44]	Maybe – EBV [68]
4	Cell surface and endosome; LPS, lipidA	Yes – KSHV [24]	No – KSHV[35]	Yes – KSHV [24]	Yes – MHV68 ex vivo [63]
		No – EBV [26]	No – EBV [31]	No – higher – KSHV [77]	No – KSHV[35]
			Yes – MHV68 [34]	Yes – MHV68 in cells [43]	Yes (bacterial products) – KSHV [60]
					Maybe – EBV [68]
					Yes – MHV68 in cells, ex vivo, in vivo [63]
5	Cell surface; flagellin		Yes – KSHV[35]	Yes – EBV [44, 76]	No – KSHV[35]
5	Cell surface; flagellin				Yes – MHV68 in cells, ex vivo [63]
7	Endosome; ssRNA (sspolyU, imiquimod, R848)	Minor effect – EBV [21]	No – KSHV[35]	No – higher – KSHV [41]	Yes – KSHV[35]
		Minor effect – MHV68 in cells and in vivo [16]	No – EBV [31]	Yes — EBV [44, 45]
			Yes – MHV68 in cells [19]	No – higher – EBV [39]
			Maybe (promotes latency) MHV68 in vivo [19]	Yes – MHV68 in cells [42]
8	Endosome; ssRNA (sspolyU, R848)	Activated – EBV [80]	No – KSHV[35]	No – higher – KSHV [41]	Yes – KSHV[35]
			No – EBV [31]	No – higher – EBV [80]
				Yes – MHV68 in cells [42]
9	Endosome; dsDNA (CpG)	Activated – EBV [22, 45]	No – KSHV[35]	No – higher – KSHV [41]	No – KSHV[35]
		Yes – MHV68 in cells and in vivo [16, 18, 19]	Yes – EBV [31,32,33]	Yes—EBV [39, 44, 45]	Yes – MHV68 in cells, ex vivo, in vivo [63, 65]
			No – MHV68 in cells [34]	No – higher– EBV [21, 31, 72]
			Yes – MHV68 in cells [19]	Yes – MHV68 in cells [42, 43]
10	Cell surface; Pathogen proteins?			Yes—EBV [39, 45]
10	Cell surface; Pathogen proteins?			No – higher in transformed cells – EBV [72]

Only studies using infectious viruses (not single proteins) are included. TLR2 can be found in complex with either TLR1 or TLR6. Hence, studies on TLR2 are cited for both complexes, as the responsible complex is not usually clear

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