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Fig. 3 | Virology Journal

Fig. 3

From: Modulation of host cell signaling during cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation

Fig. 3

Modulation of signaling pathways during latency maintenance. Multiple signaling pathways are modulated by viral factors to support latency maintenance. Cellular receptors like EGFR, BMPR2, and TGFβR are usurped by HCMV to mediate downstream cellular pathways, including MAPK and TGFβ. HCMV also encodes its own factors, such as the viral GPCR, US28, which regulates several cellular signaling cascades. Additionally, these host and viral receptors modulate downstream transcription factor activity. The cumulative effect of this collective regulation is to alter the cellular environment to support latency maintenance and prevent expression from the MIE enhancer/promoter. Conversely, when provided the proper external cues, HCMV again alters host cell signaling, thereby making the cell more amenable to viral reactivation. Cellular factors are shown in blue, and viral factors are shown in red. Pathways activated during latency are shown in solid lines, and processes activated during reactivation and suppressed during latency are shown in dotted lines

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