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Table 2 Descriptive demographics of COVID-19 patients across treatment groups

From: Antiviral drugs arbidol and interferon alpha-1b contribute to reducing the severity of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study

  

Lopinavir–ritonavir

IFN-α

Arbidol

Ribavirin

 

Total (n = 403)

Yes (n = 335)

No (n = 68)

p-value

Yes (n = 341)

No (n = 62)

p-value

Yes

(n = 151)

No

(n = 252)

p-value

Yes

(n = 112)

No

(n = 291)

p-value

Age (yrs, median, IQR)

48[35, 60]

49[35, 61]

45[35, 57]

0.42

49[35, 61]

43[34, 56]

0.071

46[33, 61]

49[36, 60]

0.23

56[40, 64]

46[32, 57]

6.1E−07

Sex

M:203 (50.4%) F:200 (49.6%)

M:169 (50.4%) F:166 (49.6%)

M:34 (50.0%) F:34 (50.0%)

0.95

M:169 (49.6%) F:172 (50.4%)

M:34 (54.8%) F:28 (45.2%)

0.44

M:84 (55.6%) F:67 (44.4%)

M:119 (47.2%) F:133 (52.8%)

0.10

M:65 (58.0%) F:47 (42.0%)

M:138 (47.4%) F:153 (52.6%)

0.056

Fever #No. of cases (%)

Y:282 (70.0%) N:121 (30.0%)

Y:247 (73.7%) N:88 (26.3%)

Y:35 (51.5%) N:33 (48.5%)

2.4E−04

Y:254 (74.5%) N:87 (25.5%)

Y:28 (45.2%) N:34 (54.8%)

2.8E−06

Y:100 (66.2%) N:51 (33.8%)

Y:182 (72.2%) N:70 (27.8%)

0.21

Y:85 (75.9%) N:27 (24.1%)

Y:197 (67.7%) N:94 (32.3%)

0.11

Cough

Y:214 (53.1%) N:189 (46.9%)

Y:182 (54.3%) N:153 (45.7%)

Y:32 (47.1%) N:36 (52.9%)

0.27

Y:179 (52.5%) N:162 (47.5%)

Y:35 (56.5%) N:27 (43.5%)

0.57

Y:73 (48.3%) N:78 (51.7%)

Y:141 (56.0%) N:111 (44.0%)

0.14

Y:72 (64.3%) N:40 (35.7%)

Y:142 (48.8%) N:149 (51.2%)

0.005

Fatigue

Y:76 (18.9%) N:327 (81.1%)

Y:61 (18.2%) N:274 (81.8%)

Y:15 (22.1%) N:53 (77.9%)

0.46

Y:70 (20.5%) N:271 (79.5%)

Y:6 (9.7%) N:56 (90.3%)

0.045

Y:20 (13.2%) N:131 (86.8%)

Y:56 (22.2%) N:196 (77.8%)

0.026

Y:27 (24.1%) N:85 (75.9%)

Y:49 (16.8%) N:242 (83.2%)

0.095

Running nose

Y:44 (10.9%) N:359 (89.1%)

Y:32 (9.6%) N:303 (90.4%)

Y:12 (17.6%) N:56 (82.4%)

0.051

Y:37 (10.9%) N:304 (89.1%)

Y:7 (11.3%) N:55 (88.7%)

0.92

Y:20 (13.2%) N:131 (86.8%)

Y:24 (9.5%) N:228 (90.5%)

0.25

Y:16 (14.3%) N:96 (85.7%)

Y:28 (9.6%) N:263 (90.4%)

0.18

Headache

Y:68 (16.9%) N:335 (83.1%)

Y:54 (16.1%) N:281 (83.9%)

Y:14 (20.6%) N:54 (79.4%)

0.37

Y:56 (16.4%) N:285 (83.6%)

Y:12 (19.4%) N:50 (80.6%)

0.57

Y:27 (17.9%) N:124 (82.1%)

Y:41 (16.3%) N:211 (83.7%)

0.68

Y:19 (17.0%) N:93 (83.0%)

Y:49 (16.8%) N:242 (83.2%)

0.97

Diarrhea

Y:39 (9.7%) N:364 (90.3%)

Y:35 (10.4%) N:300 (89.6%)

Y:4 (5.9%) N:64 (94.1%)

0.25

Y:33 (9.7%) N:308 (90.3%)

Y:6 (9.7%) N:56 (90.3%)

1.00

Y:14 (9.3%) N:137 (90.7%)

Y:25 (9.9%) N:227 (90.1%)

0.83

Y:13 (11.6%) N:99 (88.4%)

Y:26 (8.9%) N:265 (91.1%)

0.42

Nausea

Y:13 (3.2%) N:390 (96.8%)

Y:11 (3.3%) N:324 (96.7%)

Y:2 (2.9%) N:66 (97.1%)

0.88

Y:11 (3.2%) N:330 (96.8%)

Y:2 (3.2%) N:60 (96.8%)

1.00

Y:4 (2.6%) N:147 (97.4%)

Y:9 (3.6%) N:243 (96.4%)

0.61

Y:6 (5.4%) N:106 (94.6%)

Y:7 (2.4%) N:284 (97.6%)

0.13

Respiratory symptom

Y:18 (4.5%) N:385 (95.5%)

Y:16 (4.8%) N:319 (95.2%)

Y:2 (2.9%) N:66 (97.1%)

0.51

Y:15 (4.4%) N:326 (95.6%)

Y:3 (4.8%) N:59 (95.2%)

0.88

Y:6 (4.0%) N:145 (96.0%)

Y:12 (4.8%) N:240 (95.2%)

0.71

Y:7 (6.2%) N:105 (93.8%)

Y:11 (3.8%) N:280 (96.2%)

0.28

Pharyngalgia

Y:71 (17.6%) N:332 (82.4%)

Y:62 (18.5%) N:273 (81.5%)

Y:9 (13.2%) N:59 (86.8%)

0.30

Y:61 (17.9%) N:280 (82.1%)

Y:10 (16.1%) N:52 (83.9%)

0.74

Y:29 (19.2%) N:122 (80.8%)

Y:42 (16.7%) N:210 (83.3%)

0.52

Y:18 (16.1%) N:94 (83.9%)

Y:53 (18.2%) N:238 (81.8%)

0.61

Myalgia

Y:54 (13.4%) N:349 (86.6%)

Y:51 (15.2%) N:284 (84.8%)

Y:3 (4.4%) N:65 (95.6%)

0.017

Y:49 (14.4%) N:292 (85.6%)

Y:5 (8.1%) N:57 (91.9%)

0.18

Y:22 (14.6%) N:129 (85.4%)

Y:32 (12.7%) N:220 (87.3%)

0.60

Y:22 (19.6%) N:90 (80.4%)

Y:32 (11.0%) N:259 (89.0%)

0.022

Chest symptom

Y:39 (9.7%) N:364 (90.3%)

Y:33 (9.9%) N:302 (90.1%)

Y:6 (8.8%) N:62 (91.2%)

0.79

Y:33 (9.7%) N:308 (90.3%)

Y:6 (9.7%) N:56 (90.3%)

1.00

Y:11 (7.3%) N:140 (92.7%)

Y:28 (11.1%) N:224 (88.9%)

0.21

Y:16 (14.3%) N:96 (85.7%)

Y:23 (7.9%) N:268 (92.1%)

0.052

Hypertension history

Y:61 (15.1%) N:342 (84.9%)

Y:52 (15.5%) N:283 (84.5%)

Y:9 (13.2%) N:59 (86.8%)

0.63

Y:51 (15.0%) N:290 (85.0%)

Y:10 (16.1%) N:52 (83.9%)

0.81

Y:25 (16.6%) N:126 (83.4%)

Y:36 (14.3%) N:216 (85.7%)

0.54

Y:21 (18.8%) N:91 (81.2%)

Y:40 (13.7%) N:251 (86.3%)

0.21

Cardiovascular history

Y:19 (4.7%) N:384 (95.3%)

Y:16 (4.8%) N:319 (95.2%)

Y:3 (4.4%) N:65 (95.6%)

0.89

Y:16 (4.7%) N:325 (95.3%)

Y:3 (4.8%) N:59 (95.2%)

0.96

Y:8 (5.3%) N:143 (94.7%)

Y:11 (4.4%) N:241 (95.6%)

0.67

Y:7 (6.2%) N:105 (93.8%)

Y:12 (4.1%) N:279 (95.9%)

0.37

Respiratory History

Y:21 (5.2%) N:382 (94.8%)

Y:20 (6.0%) N:315 (94.0%)

Y:1 (1.5%) N:67 (98.5%)

0.13

Y:16 (4.7%) N:325 (95.3%)

Y:5 (8.1%) N:57 (91.9%)

0.27

Y:7 (4.6%) N:144 (95.4%)

Y:14 (5.6%) N:238 (94.4%)

0.69

Y:12 (10.7%) N:100 (89.3%)

Y:9 (3.1%) N:282 (96.9%)

0.002

Diabetes history

Y:19 (4.7%) N:384 (95.3%)

Y:15 (4.5%) N:320 (95.5%)

Y:4 (5.9%) N:64 (94.1%)

0.62

Y:17 (5.0%) N:324 (95.0%)

Y:2 (3.2%) N:60 (96.8%)

0.55

Y:4 (2.6%) N:147 (97.4%)

Y:15 (6.0%) N:237 (94.0%)

0.13

Y:6 (5.4%) N:106 (94.6%)

Y:13 (4.5%) N:278 (95.5%)

0.71

Infection disease history

Y:17 (4.2%) N:386 (95.8%)

Y:16 (4.8%) N:319 (95.2%)

Y:1 (1.5%) N:67 (98.5%)

0.22

Y:14 (4.1%) N:327 (95.9%)

Y:3 (4.8%) N:59 (95.2%)

0.79

Y:5 (3.3%) N:146 (96.7%)

Y:12 (4.8%) N:240 (95.2%)

0.48

Y:5 (4.5%) N:107 (95.5%)

Y:12 (4.1%) N:279 (95.9%)

0.88

Allergic history

Y:38 (9.4%) N:365 (90.6%)

Y:33 (9.9%) N:302 (90.1%)

Y:5(7.4%) N:63 ( (92.6%)

0.52

Y:34 (10.0%) N:307 (90.0%)

Y:4 (6.5%) N:58 (93.5%)

0.38

Y:18 (11.9%) N:133 (88.1%)

Y:20 (7.9%) N:232 (92.1%)

0.19

Y:10 (8.9%) N:102 (91.1%)

Y:28 (9.6%) N:263 (90.4%)

0.83

Surgery history

Y:76 (18.9%) N:327 (81.1%)

Y:68 (20.3%) N:267 (79.7%)

Y:8 (11.8%) N:60 (88.2%)

0.10

Y:60 (17.6%) N:281 (82.4%)

Y:16 (25.8%) N:46 (74.2%)

0.13

Y:33 (21.9%) N:118 (78.1%)

Y:43 (17.1%) N:209 (82.9%)

0.24

Y:18 (16.1%) N:94 (83.9%)

Y:58 (19.9%) N:233 (80.1%)

0.38

  1. Drug use was evaluated by comparing groups of patients taking (Yes) or not taking the drug (No) during their hospital stay. The patients’ demographic information included age, sex, disease history and clinical symptoms