From: Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity
Host | Host factor | Function | Viral factor | Geminivirus | Precise role in defence response | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host defence responses | ||||||
A. thaliana | SnRK1 | It is a global regulator of energy metabolism during growth and stress conditions | Rep | TGMV | SnRK1 phosphorylates Ser 97 of Rep protein and interferes replication and infection | [98] |
TrAP | CaLCuV | SnRK1 phosphorylates AL2 at ser 109 that delays infection process | [33] | |||
N. benthamiana | PsbP | It is a core protein of oxygen-evolving complex that stabilizes Photosystem II | βC1 | ToLCNDV/RaLCB | PsbP binds to the viral genome and reduces virus replication | [191] |
N. benthamiana | ATG8 | It is involved in autophagy, mediates protein degradation | βC1 | CLCuMuV/CLCuMuB | ATG8 binds to βC1 and degrades via autophagy thus causes reduction in viral titre | [84] |
S. lycopersicum | ATG8h | It is an autophagy factor, mediates protein degradation | Rep | TLCYnV | C1 gets exported to the cytoplasm by ATG8h and degraded which restricts viral infection | [66] |
N. tabacum | RFP1 | It is an E3 ligase that mediates protein ubiquitination | βC1 | TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB | RFP1 interaction with βC1 leads to βC1 degradation thus reduces viral infection | [65] |
S. lycopersicum | UBA1 | A ubiquitin-activating enzyme, catalyses the first step in 26S proteasomal degradation pathway | TrAP | TYLCSV | Silencing of UBA1 increases viral infection. TrAP protein interacts with UBA1, thus inhibit its defensive activity | [71] |
A. thaliana | EML1 | A histone reader protein, represses active transcription by binding on H3K36 modification | Viral minichromosome | CaLCuV | EML1 binds to viral minichromosome and blocks transcription, therefore attenuates infection | [39] |
S. lycopersicum | RPT4a | A subunit of 26S proteasome, aid in unfolding target proteins | Intergenic region | ToLCNDV | RPT4a binds to the viral intergenic region and blocks transcription | [40] |
V. mungo | MAPK1 | A protein kinase involved in SA mediated defence | Not known | MYMIV | It mediates defence by inducing SA responsive genes | [101] |
Triticum monococcum | GRAB | A Geminivirus Rep A-Binding protein. It may have role in plant development | RepA | WDV | GRAB1 and GRAB2 bind to C-terminus of RepA and inhibit replication | [193] |
N. benthamiana | NbSUMO1 | A component of SUMOylation system | βC1 | SyYVCV/ SyYVCB | It promotes ubiquitin mediated degradation of βC1 protein | [77] |
Host | Host factor | Function | Viral factor | Geminivirus | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geminivirus adaptations to host defence | ||||||
N. benthamiana | HDA6 | It interacts with MET1 and maintains chromatin silencing | Pre-coat protein | TYLCV | Pre-coat protein interfere with MET1 interaction to HDA6 and inhibit TGS | [38] |
A. thaliana | ADK | It converts adenosine to AMP which is essential to maintain the methyl cycle during TGS and aid in the activation of SnRK1 | TrAP | TGMV, BCTV | TrAP inactivates ADK and causes TGS suppression and inactivation of SnRK1 defence pathway | [34] |
A. thaliana | SAHH | It catalyses the generation of methyl donor during TGS mediated methylation of viral genome | βC1 | TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB | βC1 inhibits SAHH enzyme and suppress TGS | [37] |
A. thaliana | BAM1 | It facilitates cell to cell movement of RNAi signals | C4 | TYLCV | C4 interacts with BAM1 domain and inhibits spread of silencing signals | [109] |
N. benthamiana | MKK2 MPK4 | Regulates defence responses by via phytohormones, ROS and defence-related gene expression during biotic stress | βC1 | TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB | βC1 inhibits the kinase activity of both MKK2 and MPK4 and increases host susceptibility | [90] |
A. thaliana | SnRK1 | It is a global regulator of energy metabolism during growth and stress conditions | TrAP | TGMV, CaLCuV | TrAP inactivates SnRK1 and leads to enhanced susceptibility | [97] |
BCTV | [98] | |||||
A. thaliana | NIKs | It undergoes reversible phosphorylation within its activation loop domain to carry out the defensive function | NSP | CaLCuV | NSP inhibits autophosphorylation of NIK and thus breaks suppression of NIK mediated global protein synthesis | [88] |
A. thaliana | CSN5 | It regulates SCF complex activity during ubiquitination | TrAP | TYLCV, TYLCSV | TrAP interacts with CSN5 and impairs SCF complex function thereby inhibits jasmonic acid signalling and enhanced infection | [72] |
N. benthamiana | NbSUMO1 | A component of SUMOylation system | βC1 | SyYVCV/SyYVCB | It stabilises the βC1 protein | [77] |