Specific cytokines in the inflammatory cytokine storm of patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary multiple-organ dysfunction

Table 1 Characteristics of COVID-19 patients at admission who did or did not develop ARDS

Variable	ARDS (n = 64)	non-ARDS (n = 30)	P value
Age (years)	66.83 ± 10.93	59.8 ± 15.05	0.012
Age (≥ 65 years)	38 (59.4%)	11 (36.7%)	0.04
Sex (male)	31 (48.4%)	16 (53.5%)	0.658
Current smoking	6 (9.4%)	4 (13.3%)	0.852
Underlying disease
Hypertension	32 (50%)	11 (36.7%)	0.226
Diabetes	10 (15.6%)	7 (23.3%)	0.365
Heart disease	10 (15.6%)	3 (10%)	0.677
Liver disease	1 (1.6%)	0 (0%)	1
Kidney disease	1 (1.6%)	0 (0%)	1
Chronic lung disease	6 (9.4%)	1 (3.3%)	0.536
Malignancy	4 (6.3%)	1 (3.3%)	0.925
Immunocompromised	1 (1.6%)	0 (0%)	1
Ventilatory support
HFNC	11 (17.5%)	3 (10%)	0.528
NIV	14 (22.2%)	4 (13.3%)	0.31
IV	8 (12.5%)	0 (0%)	0.104
Prior glucocorticoid treatment	32 (50%)	16 (53.3%)	0.763
Prior antibiotic treatment	41 (64.1%)	21 (70%)	0.571
Prior antiviral treatment	42 (65.6%)	20 (66.7%)	0.921
Days from onset to admission	11.70 ± 7.68	12.77 ± 7.09	0.523
PaO₂/FiO₂ (mmHg)	164.57 ± 75.41	267.13 ± 52.92	< 0.001
APACHE-II score	13.14 ± 4.23	8.84 ± 1.41	< 0.001
SOFA score	8.12 ± 2.59	5.88 ± 1.45	0.014

Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%)
HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, NIV non-invasive ventilation, IV invasive ventilation, APACHE-II acute physiology and chronic health evaluation-II, SOFA sepsis-related organ failure assessment

ISSN: 1743-422X