Table 1 Summarizes frequency of signs and symptoms by means of median and interquartile range (IQR) recorded for COVID-19 patients for studies included in the review

Cerebrovascular

Headache

8.2%

7.1–16.0

7

Confusion

9.1%

–

1

Dizziness

9.4%

–

1

Eye*

–

–

–

0

Ear, Nose, Throat

Nasal Congestion/ Rhinorhea

16.7%

6.9–61.5

4

Sore throat

11.1%

5.9–16.5

4

Sputum Production

30.2%

10.0–39.7

4

Tonsil swelling

2.0%

Chest/Pulmonary

Cough

71.4%

46.7–73.1

12

Shortness of breath

36.7%

19.0–56.5

11

Hemoptysis

4.9%

1.0–5.1

4

Chest pain

2.0%

–

1

Chest distress

23.8%

–

1

Gastrointestinal

Loss of appetite

39.9%

12.2–49.5

3

Nausea/ Vomiting

12.7%

4.0–19.5

6

Diarrhea

8.0%

3.2–11.8

10

Abdominal pain

4.4%

4.3–5.8

3

Musculoskeletal

Fatigue

66.9%

49.9–73.6

4

Myalgia/Arthralgia

23.1%

14.6–33.5

9

Dermatological

Rash

0.2%

1

*Eye

None of the original searches contained data on ocular signs and symptoms. A cohort [57], however, focused on ocular signs and symptoms revealed: eye pain (19.4%), photophobia (13.9%), flashes or floaters (11.8%), blurring of vision (11.1%), and eye redness (10.4%)

Asymptomatic/presymptomatic

Patients who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 but have no symptoms suggestive for SARS-cov-2 infection

Mild Illness

Patients having any of the various signs or symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection but do not have shortness of breath, dyspnea or abnormal chest imaging

Moderate Illness

Individuals who show signs of lower respiratory disease on clinical assessment or imaging and have an oxygen saturation (SpO₂) of ≥ 94% on room air at sea level

Severe Illness

Individuals with SpO2 < 94% on room air at sea level, a ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) < 300 mm Hg, respiratory frequency > 30 breaths/min, or lung infiltrates > 50%

Critical Illness

Individuals having respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction